Pure Monopoly Essay

Introduction: In the world of economics, there are aspects of the state of market that exist which somehow brings favourable or unfavourable grounds for trade. The different types of market structures that do exist might influence the way of operation of a market economy e.g. the degree of concentration of sellers in an industry, the degree of product differentiation, and the ease or difficulty with which new sellers can enter the industry, are some of the factors that make me disagree with the aspect of the existence of a monopolized or pure monopoly in consideration of the current market economies. Definition of pure monopoly A market in which one company has control over the entire market for a product, usually because of a barrier to entry such as a technology only available to that company in that there is no substitute a part from the existing business. To clarify on the aspect of lack of the existence of a pure monopoly I will look at some of the market structures which ideologically somehow prove the inexistence of a pure monopoly. Degree of concentration of sellers in an industry: Refers to the number of sellers in an industry together with their comparative shares of industry sales.   When there are a large number of sellers and the number of shares in the market is minimal that in real practice one seller won’t be able to make any impact in the market or try to output any existing competitor. This will bring in another concept of ‘oligopoly’, market situation in which each of a few producers affects but does not control the market. This will somehow dictate how the rivalry among sellers is managed. Product differentiation and promotion This is mostly determined by the consumers of these products in the market, whereby some consumers prefer certain products over others. The degree of product differentiation as registered in the strength of buyer preferences ranges from slight to fairly large. The greatest part being infrequently purchased consumer goods, ‘prestige goods’ i.e. gifts. Duplicity of aims The varying market performance makes the individual sellers to intrinsically have two conflicting aims. One is to establish a monopolistic level of price on their commodities with an aim of maximizing their profits, and the fundamental antagonism toward rival sellers and wants to maximize his or her own profits even at the expense of others on the other hand. With these two conflicting aims there is likelihood of their rivals reactions being stronger deterrents to independent actions.

Online Learners An Online Learner - 958 Words

As an online learner you are studying without the physical attendance of a classroom. You study at home, work or wherever you like, whenever you like, without a set time. You set your own schedule and study at your own pace. As a previous online learner almost a year ago studying a diploma, I have some insight to what it is like to be exposed to that kind of environment as I have studied before, it takes motivation and the eager determination to learn. If you prefer to study at your own pace where ever it may be or you want to balance home, work and study life then studying as an online learner is for you. What is like to be an online learner? As an online learner, aiming to be a professional in the field of teaching I have learned the skills and attributes I need in order to be successful is being motivated to complete assessments and weekly activities. I find with myself the most important attribute to bring to studying online is staying motivated and being an active online learner, you need to be organized with note taking and being aware of general dates. Computer skills are also an essential in order to make your way around the student tool box such as black board. Critical thinking and always asking questions I consider are important for you want to be able to question what you don’t understand and lastly time management skills, I believe is essential to molding with your schedule as opposed to having to attend to a lecture at a specific time. 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The Criminal Justice Process Free Essays

The Criminal Justice Process Free Essays Abstract This paper describes all the steps taken during the criminal justice process. It explains how important it is to follow due process according to the bill of rights. During this process suspects are put through a series of steps, some within hours of an arrest and some may take days, weeks, and or months. We will write a custom essay sample on The Criminal Justice Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now The criminal justice process is numerous steps taken to process a criminal case beginning with an investigation and arrest. An investigation is done by the police and they must gather enough evidence to identify a suspect in order to make an arrest. In most cases, criminals are not arrested on the scene of a crime, they are apprehended later (Schmalleger, 2011). In cases like this, an arrest warrant is issued by a judge if there is enough probable cause to make an arrest. Probable cause is the legal requirement for an arrest connecting a suspect to a particular crime. Arrest is always done with discretion and is a serious step in the criminal justice process. During an arrest defendants are warned of their Miranda Rights prior to questioning. Police feel they are on safe ground by advising suspects of their rights immediately after arrest; however an arrest without questioning does not require a warning (Wiley Publishing, 2000-2010). Following an arrest, suspects are booked. The booking process is an administrative procedure. It includes pictures being taken, fingerprints, and personal information is recorded such as date of birth, address, weight and height. Details of charges are put on the arrest record. Suspects are advised to sign a form with each right stated. The second step in the criminal justice process is pretrial activities, which can take place within hours of the arrest. In this step a suspect will make their appearance before a magistrate where the judicial officer will tell them of the charges against them and once again is advised of their rights and may be offered bail. If a suspect post a bond on first appearance they may not flee, otherwise the cash deposit or property bond will be ordered to forfeit the posted cash or property (Schmalleger, 2011). Suspects who have serious crimes and are not afforded bail are taken to jail to wait for the next step which is a preliminary hearing. During the first appearance, defendants who can’t afford a lawyer will be appointed one. During the third step, preliminary hearing is a process where enough sufficient evidence must be established and exist against the suspect to continue in the criminal justice process. The defense has a chance to analyze the strength of the prosecution case and may request a plea bargain. This is also where the prosecution has a chance to build a case against the suspect and presents any evidence and may offer a plea bargain. The fourth step in the criminal justice process is indictment by grand jury. This is when the prosecutor has enough probable cause to prosecute a capital offense. During indictment, a defendant or a defendant lawyer does not have a right to be present at grand jury proceedings. Another option a prosecutor may take is filling a charge document called information. This is to determine if there is enough evidence to warrant a trial. A defendant and attorney can be present at the information hearing to dispute the charges (Wiley Publishing, 2000-2010). Step five in the criminal justice process is arraignment by a judge. This is when a defendant enters a plea of guilty, not guilty or no contest (nolo contendere). An arraignment is conducted in open court and the indictment or information on the charge is read to the defendant. Step six, adjudication. This step points out that every criminal has a right to trial by jury. If there is doubt based on reason the accused is entitled to be acquitted. The standard of evidence for a criminal conviction is guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. In most jurisdictions, criminal cases never come to trial (Schmalleger, 2011). Some states allow trials for less serious offenses before a judge, called a bench trial. In other cases, a jury is said to be deadlocked, and a judge will declare a mistrial. Step seven is sentencing by a judge. If the accused is found guilty, a judge will impose a form of punishment. Possible sentences include a fine, probations, a period of incarceration in jail or prison or some have a combination of supervision of the community and incarceration. Criminals found guilty, of one or more charges are ordered to serve one sentence after another is completed called a consecutive sentence. Or there sentence may run at the same time, called concurrent sentence (Schmalleger, 2011). In many cases convictions are appealed and filed by attorneys in appellate court and then ruled on appellate judges. If the appellate reverses a case, the case returns to trial court for retrial. The appeal process can be very complex and can involve both federal and state judiciaries. Even if a prosecutor drops the charges, the defendant can still be prosecuted later as long as the statue of limitations for the crime the defendant is being accused of committing hasn’t run out. Appeals are based on the defendants claim that rules of procedure were not follow properly at some earlier stage in the criminal justice process. The last but not least process is corrections. Punishment and or rehabilitation processed by local, state or federal correctional authorities. Once an offender has been sentenced, the corrections stage begins. Most inmates do not serve the complete term and are released before their maximum sentence expires (Wiley Publishing, 2000-2010). Inmates are assigned to confinement facilities and treatment programs. Not all offenders end up in prison. Some are ordered to prison and then have their sentences suspended and a probation term imposed. Offenders who have served a portion of their time may be freed on probation or parole. If conditions of probation or parole are not met, it will be revoked and result in more jail time. In conclusion the criminal justice process is to be conducted with fairness and equality, the due process. This process must recognize the individual rights of criminal defendants facing prosecution by state or federal government. Due process is what guarantees the fifth, sixth and fourteenth amendment. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without the due process of law, and each state is bound and required to respect the due process rights of United States citizens who come under their jurisdictions. There are many more suspects and defendants than inmates. Wiley Publishing, 2000-2010) The Criminal Justice Process Chart References Schmalleger, F. (2011) Criminal justice today: An Introductory text for the 21st century (11th ed. ) Upper Saddle River, NY: Pearson Prentice Hall Cliff Notes (2000-2010) The Process of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on October 19, 2010 from http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/The-Process-of-Criminal Justice. topicArticleId-10065,art icleId-9909. html New Jersey Judiciary (2001) The Criminal Justice Process. Retrieved on October 19, 2010 From http://www. judiciary. state. nj. us/criminal/crproc. htm How to cite The Criminal Justice Process, Essays