Can Money Buy Happiness Essay - 1321 Words

There is More Than One Path to Happiness (2D) Growing up in a family where both my parents came from poor immigrant backgrounds always made financial success a priority and when there was no need to be frugal, my parents did seem happier. But did money buy my parents’ happiness or did money lead to their happiness? Ed Diener and Robert Biswas-Diener attempt to answer that question in their excerpt â€Å"Can Money Buy Happiness,† where they claim that â€Å"[m]oney can be a help in attaining psychological wealth, but it should be considered in the bigger picture of what makes people general genuinely rich (Biswas-Diener 161). Although not explicitly defined by Diener and Biswas-Diener, â€Å"psychological wealth† is the overall measure of happiness, beyond just fiscal affluence, including positive ties with other individuals and joyful temperaments (Biswas-Diener 168). By extending Biswas-Diener and Diener’s idea of â€Å"psychological wealth† to in clude the perception of what wealth is and what wealth consists of beyond monetary success, such as achievements or fulfillment, there exist a copious number of ways to view wealth. One can be rich in more than finances and happiness is dependent upon the perception of wealth due to money being one of several paths, including deliberate effort and being positive, to â€Å"psychological wealth† which leads to happiness. By changing the perception of all types of wealth, not just fiscal prosperity, multiple pathways to happiness become apparent. â€Å"When yourShow MoreRelatedCan Money Buy Happiness?1324 Words   |  6 PagesCan money buy happiness? It’s a philosophical question that has been discussed for centuries and there is no simple answer. For example, Graham Hill in â€Å"Living with Less. A Lot Less† gives his input on this highly debated topic through a multitude of short anecdotes. She asked herself not if â€Å"Money can buy happiness,† but if money could â€Å"help buy happiness† (Rubin 293). She also brings up the idea of modest splurging and spending out as methods of using money to help one buy happiness. Rubin describesRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1637 Words   |  7 Pages Does Happiness Come With A Price? Malcom Williams Can Money Buy Happiness? Abstract In this paper, I argue and show various sources addressing the correlations between money and happiness through subjects such as pro-social spending, materialism, the pursuit of spending on others, and the effects of homelessness on physical and mental health. Much of the time, cash can have a negative impact on both, particularly the. Now and again, in any case, cash may positively affect satisfactionRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1110 Words   |  5 PagesCan Money buy Happiness? Money is people’s number one priority. It enables them to purchase food, clothing, and shelter. Money can buy anything with a price on it, but can it buy happiness? Happiness is not an item you can buy, it is something you can feel. Money cannot bring you happiness, only satisfaction. We learn growing up not everything in this world is free. Money can only give you a short term of happiness. When you buy everything you want, you do not have anything to look forwardRead MoreMoney Can Buy Happiness1523 Words   |  7 PagesHappiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy†. Notice that happiness is within the range of contentment to intense joy. Every single thing in the world which brings contentment or joy costs money and therefore, it is money which brings happiness. Nothing can be yours without money being spent either by the person experiencing this happiness, or by others spending money so that they can be happy. For example, even peopleRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?948 Words   |  4 PagesHappiness can stem from many different emotions, accomplishments and you’re overall well-being, but what has been debated for years is can money buy you happiness? It can buy you material items and even a way to see the world if desired however, true happiness cannot be bought by the dollar as this version of â€Å"happiness† is temporary. In today’s society there is no level of satisfaction as we are constantly innovating and getting newer and better in short periods of time. In the article â€Å"Can MoneyRead MoreMoney Can Buy Happiness : Happiness1653 Words   |  7 PagesMoney Can Buy Happiness Happiness, has long been an estate that huge numbers of individuals endeavor to create a path, that seeks to find it. Extensive research, surprisingly enough, does not have definitive answers on the concept of what makes one happy. As a matter of fact; there are as many attempts to define happiness, as there are the many scholars, theologians, psychologist and philosophers, curious enough to research it. Many ¬Ã‚ ¬; are unsuccessful in comparison to the ready definition ofRead MoreMoney Can Buy Happiness945 Words   |  4 PagesCan money buy you happiness? It is a classical debate, sparked by the left-wing communists and religious leaders who suggest that a person can live a full life without the pursuit of money, and instead one must look to a more spiritual existence above the material desires. It is perhaps conceivable in a century gone by where people grew all their food and believed in witches, that a human could forge a fulfilling existence without the need of money to sa tisfy our desires. However in today’s societyRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?891 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Can money buy happiness?† has been a cliche question for centuries, and there have been numerous studies and debates on this topic. Yet, no one seems to have a definite answer. In the video Money and Happiness, Michael Norton states explicitly that money does bring people happiness if you spent it on other people rather than on yourself. Although his interesting and novel answer is contrary to people’s natural instinct, it makes me reflect on my past experience of spending on others, and helps meRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1646 Words   |  7 PagesCan Money Buy Happiness? Happiness is a positive emotion which all humans experience but which cannot be defined through a monetary value. Money is the symbol of greed and desire. It leads to overconsumption allowing for us the consumers to forcibly satisfy all of our desires in life instead of on spending our money on our needs and on the essential things in life that people need in order to survive and maintain a well-balanced lifestyle. Although some people may say that money can buy happinessRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1085 Words   |  5 PagesCan Money Buy Happiness? In the article â€Å"Can Money Buy Happiness†, by Author C. Brook, Mack Metcalf was a man who lived a normal life just like everybody else. He was the winner of the $65 million powerball jackpot, and it changed his life forever. He quit his job and he later recounted .and he never worked again. His first impulse was to quit everything, after a life characterized by many problem , Metcalf had a whole plan on what to do with the money that he won, but his plan did not go

Ambassadors in Pinstripes Free Essays

Review of Ambassadors in Pinstripes: The Spalding World Baseball Tour and the Birth of the American Empire Thomas Zeiler, the author of Ambassadors in Pinstripes: the Spalding World Baseball Tour and the Birth of the American Empire, entertains and enlightens the reader through a descriptive journey of Albert Spalding’s efforts to introduce a World Baseball Tour. The bulk of Zeiler’s book is based off of periodicals, newspapers, magazines, and guides; which serves as the groundwork for his book. Albert Spalding is known as a leader; a manager of the Chicago White Stockings, a very successful manufacturer of sporting goods, and predominantly as an organizer of tours designed to popularize America’s â€Å"national game† abroad. We will write a custom essay sample on Ambassadors in Pinstripes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Spalding’s world tour mission was to send two teams of professional well known players to Australia, Ceylon, Egypt, Europe, and the surrounding areas. His marketing techniques and goals for his all American team to play worldwide was a model for many industries seeking to establish abroad relations. Sports participation also provides a common ground and is a way to unite without discrimination, such as the warring people of South Africa during the Apartheid. Through this successful tour, Spalding established the pattern of baseball’s close connection with globalization and to let the world know of America’s increasingly ambitious exceptionalism in the world. Sports as a tool of diplomacy came of age in the post-World War I world when it caught the attention of politicians and governments as a channel through which to conduct international relations. Across the globe sports have personified the ideologies of political policies in the 20th century and as we enter the 21st century, sports are becoming an essential part of the toolbox of a country’s public diplomacy. Sport events that host numerous foreign visitors have impacts on a country’s relationship with foreign publics. It’s why organizations and governments seek to attach themselves to popular figures, teams, and events that enhance their standings in the eyes of others. The Olympics for example serves as a way to bring world nations together through international sports competitions and encourages further engagement, often in the form of economic benefits through participation and hosting. London is currently hosting the Olympics this year and in preparation back in 2009 the event was predicted to â€Å"provide economic gold at a time of economic need,† however hosting the Olympics is an extremely costly business with the upgrades, new sports facilities, and security that it will cost much, much more than expected. Spalding’s World Baseball Tour laid the roots of the new empire and exemplified the United States onto the world stage. It highlighted our country’s economic growth, the search for overseas markets, improvements in communication and transportation, and the rising cultural interactions. Thomas Zeiler’s main emphasis is on the baseball players and their entourage as â€Å"tourists† who helped disperse American culture abroad and brought global influences back to their homelands. Thomas Zeiler concluded that because of the immense impact of the World Tour, it was the process of globalization of baseball that laid the structure of the growing American identity. Baseball was used to sell and export the American way. The game associated itself with the values of the American dream. In America’s foreign diplomacy, baseball was used to promote patriotism and nationalism. Sports have shown it has the power to heal old wounds. Sport in South Africa during the Apartheid, kept the multiple races and cultures that make up South Africa apart for nearly a century. Apartheid was a system of racial segregation enforced by white Afrikaners, who were the minority, over the indigenous majority. Rugby was the sport that took a mental toll on all South Africans and played a larger part in the victory of the anti-apartheid movement. The Rugby World Cup was one of the key moments that shaped the world’s impression of the new South Africa. The Rugby World Cup contributed significantly to the return of foreign investment in South Africa and strengthening of trade and other economic links that had been destroyed through the policies of apartheid and the subsequent boycotts and restrictions. The development of the industrialization and the use of resources from across the world created a gateway for Americans. Spalding’s initial mission paved the way for global integration opened the door to the sensational play of foreign participants in America’s national pastime. The mass appeal of sports like baseball provides the United States with a social â€Å"olive branch. † Baseball diplomacy helps break the ice between nations that are separated by cultural differences, monetary discrepancies and educational variances. Sports are relevant to the study of foreign relations because it is fundamentally concerned with power, and our sports culture that is driven by the media, boasted by advertising, bankrolled by industrialists, that it’s reflective of American society. It has played a huge role in projecting American influence abroad. Sports purpose is no longer limitied to entertainment; it is often intermingling with trade, business, and politics. Hopefully sports will continue as a feature of modern life that connects people and continents together. How to cite Ambassadors in Pinstripes, Essay examples

Improvement plan for Quota Park Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Improvement plan for Quota Park Shared Footpath. Answer: Introduction The paper is based on improvement plan for Quota park shared footpath. It is a building, maintenance as well as construction services. The construction plan of the Quota Park provides the local community with completed built out footpath plan. Mackay Regional Council seeks submissions from the experienced contractors those are constructing the shared footpath in the Quota Park. The paper is based on waterfall methodology, which is used in this construction work. This particular project work deals with construction workflow. It deals with technical sides of budget as well as execution of the project plan. This project work requires people, components, builders, stakeholders as well as local communities. The paper discusses on continuous improvement plan within the Quota Park Shared Footpath so that it can make strategic changes in their current plan. From the tender documents of the park, it is analyzed that the park requires improving in their plan to construct a footpath so that the visitors and local communities are satisfied with the project plan (Rouse 2016). The improvement plan is ongoing improvement over the project processes, products and services through incremental into the plan. The main motive of the plan is to satisfy the customers. Waterfall methodology helps the project plan to make changes by use of design, implementation, installation and maintenance phases. Continuous Improvement Plan for Quota Park Shared Footpath The improvement plan of the Quota Park Shared Footpath connects the local communities, targeted users as well as users evidence. The plan is focused to make investment in walking as well as cycling arterials (Madgunda et al. 2015). It improves network of both cycling as well as walking information. The construction of the footpath is facilitating connectivity as well as lightning enhancement into the park. It also improves accessibility to and in the lower socio economic areas. The reasons due to which the Quota Park needs an improvement plan are the park is disjointed and it is far from the town centre (Singh, Thakur and Chaudhary 2015). There are flooding into the park, environmental problems, erosion, poor visibility into the park, unsafe areas as well as safety issues around the Quota Park. In order to make the park more user friendly, familiar, it makes development into their existing business strategies (Copeland, Zarbo and Varney 2016). Walking as well as cycling routes is mar keted to the potential users. In order to meet with the strategic plan of Quota Park, there is a requirement of combination of infrastructure as well as community programmes. The infrastructure programme delivers network within the existing walking as well as recycling strategies within planned time (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). It also provides good trip end services as well as informational points. The improvement plan for the park enhances walking environments throughout the footpath renewal and their connectivity programme. The community programme targets the user groups, travel planning with potential users for each new route and adopt pilot communities for explore the effects of the project. Continuous improvement is done by taking partnership approach to make sure to meet with project objectives. The objectives of this project work are to construct the footpath for the local community (Zhang et al. 2015). The footpath is for walking as well as cycling in the Quota Park. The footpath design provides with an opportunity to incorporate some of the features such as entrance statements to be added to the roadway and new green infrastructure is constructed along the footpath. The existing park is required to landscape (Windle and Rolfe 2014). Through use of the waterfallproject management methodology, the plan is handled the things properly from the planning to closing phases through proper development as well as quality assurance. The design standard of the footpath should be improved and it should be constructed based on the total number of users as well as mode of transportation. The factors are number of visitors visit the park per day, type of transportation as well, as if there is any cycle use the footpath (Muhammed et al. 2017). It is fundamental to clear up and concur with the group the numbers and sorts of clients that the footpath should be intended to take, as this will set the standard for the base width also, twist bend required for the way and the greatest permissible angle (Zhang, Nasir and Haas 2017). It is especially critical for the group to choose whether vehicles, will utilize the way, as this will require a base plan standard, which may extensively expand the measure of work required in enhancing the way or track. The four most critical outline standards are width of the footpath, clearance over the way, angle of the way and surfacing of the way. While improvement into the project plan of the Quota Park, there is required to select and develop of proper methods such as preparation of the proposal to community for making improvements into the plan (Aziz and Hafez 2013). There is required to estimate the assets such as work, materials, devices and the costs included. Outline the progressing support that will be expected to manage the proposed upgrades. The proposition ought to be exhibited at the Planning and Design meeting with the group for exchange and understanding of the project plan. The yield of the meeting ought to be a composed concession to the program of upgrades to be completed and the request of need of the work (Zhang, Nasir and Haas 2017). Secondly, there is preparation of the detailed work programme. Full points of interest of the concurred upgrades to the way can now be worked out and assessments of assets required checked. Detailed determinations and directions for completing the work ought to be readied. It is required to excavation of the level of the path across and along the footpath. It is required to prepare a level of bed across the formation width of the footpath. There should be a slot of 0.5m width, which are cut across the width of 5-10m (Martin and Osterling 2014). The main aim of the construction of the quota park footpath is to reduce the work in prepare the level of bed by balancing the cut alongside the fill (McCabe 2014). While along the path, there is an event that the longitudinal profile of the way is exceptionally irregular because of humps as well as plunges it might be important to smooth it out, particularly if vehicles are to utilize the way. For this situation the point will be to adjust the excavation of humps against the fill in the plunges to get a smoother surface (Mitra 2016). This should be possible by eye. However, due to the impressive work that might be included it ought to just be done where essential and to the minimum sum required. This extra work will require to be incorporated into the estimation of the individual working days essential to complete the project work and plan. The improvement plan defines the project properly such that the tenderers can determine its project cost properly. It would clearly define the physical, financial as well as functional terms such as service requirements as well as objectives. It permits sufficient time for the project, design as well as project documentation (Zeng, Tam and Tam 2015). There is an involvement into potential clients, maintainers and constructors in deciding outline of the plan. There should be an attempt to distinguish potential development troubles and make due remittance for them in deciding the development period; deciding and meeting with the project venture time as well as cost and organizational goals (Rumane 2016). There is an attempt of powerful venture attainability assessment; selection of the acquisition technique most appropriate to their necessities; recognize an unmistakable venture execution and obtainment methodology and counting of clear venture stages with characterized results and tim ings. There is a selection of procurement strategies, which would meet with the project needs (Zhang et al. 2015). The initial stage should be improved so that there is an identification of project as well as contract management resources needed for the project plan. In the construction work of the Quota Park Shared Footpath, there is an improvement into the cycle network-upgradation of path as well as strategic linkages. Improvement into the path network makes a good existence into the market. New primary cycle path are to be concreted and it is of width of 3m. There is an improvement into the drainage as well as flooding issues. Therefore, proper design of the path is done (Copeland, Zarbo and Varney 2016). When there is an external linkage into the internal path, then it will improve accessibility of the quota park. There should be an upgrdation of the picnic areas at the eastern end of the park. There are parking areas as well as installation of vehicles should provide a barrier to protect the picnic areas (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). The continuous improvement plan provides a program in which it improves detailed design as well as construction of the footpath of linked as well as quality parklands. The parks environment is protected and enhan ced that the footpath should satisfy the customers requirements. Nonstop change is finished by adopting organization strategy to try to meet with Quota park footpath targets. The goals of this project work are to build the trail for the nearby group. The pathway is for strolling and in addition cycling in the Quota Park (Muhammed et al. 2017). The pathway configuration furnishes with a chance to consolidate a portion of the components, for example, entrance articulations to be added to the roadway and new green foundation is built along the trail. Through utilization of the waterfall extend administration technique; the arrangement is dealt with the things appropriately from the first to final stages through legitimate improvement and additionally quality affirmation (Mitra 2016). The change get ready for the recreation center upgrades walking situations all through the pathway restoration and their network program. The people group program focuses on the client gatherings, travel arranging with potential clients for each new course and embrace pi lot groups for investigate the impacts of the project plan. The project manager involved with the project plan of Quota park footpath needs to change in the work so that they can make an improvement in their management services. they should need to attach more and more visitors so that they are satisfied with the pathway. The nature as well as surroundings of the park should be green which would be healthy for the visitors as well as local communities (Martin and Osterling 2014). Therefore, this plan helps in improving the entire construction project work of the footpath. The plan also analyzes various change management plan within the project work. Conclusion It is concluded that the Quota Park Shared Footpath with the goal that it can roll out key improvements in their present arrangement. From the delicate reports of the recreation center, it is investigated that the recreation center requires enhancing in their arrangement to develop a pathway so that the guests and nearby groups are happy with the venture arrange. The change plan is continuous change over the venture procedures, items and administrations through incremental into the arrangement. The primary intention of the arrangement is to fulfill the clients. Waterfall methodology helps the venture plan to roll out improvements by utilization of outline, execution, establishment and upkeep stages. While change into the project plan of the Quota Park, there is required to choose and create of legitimate strategies, for example, readiness of the proposition to group for making enhancements into the arrangement. There is required to assess the benefits, for example, work, materials, g adgets and the costs included. It is required to exhuming of the level of the way crosswise over and along the pathway. It is required to set up a level of bed over the arrangement width of the pathway. The primary point of the development of the standard stop pathway is to lessen the work in set up the level of bed by adjusting the cut close by the fill. References Aziz, R.F. and Hafez, S.M., 2013. Applying lean thinking in construction and performance improvement.Alexandria Engineering Journal,52(4), pp.679-695. Copeland, J., Zarbo, R. and Varney, R., 2016. Deviation Management: A Defect Management System for Continuous Improvement.American Journal of Clinical Pathology,146(suppl_1). Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Madgunda, S., Suman, U., Praneeth, G.S. and Kasera, R., 2015. Steps in Requirement Stage of Waterfall Model.International journal of computer mathematical sciences, pp.86-87. Martin, K. and Osterling, M., 2014.Value stream mapping: how to visualize work and align leadership for organizational transformation. McGraw-Hill. McCabe, S., 2014.Quality Improvement Techniques in Construction: Principles and Methods. Routledge. Mitra, A., 2016.Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons. Muhammed, M.A., Kabiru, S., Abdulkarim, J.A., Riazi, S.R.M. and Nawi, M.N.M., 2017. Profitability of Continuous Improvement Process in Developing Human Resource Plan for Construction Companies in Malaysia.International Review of Management and Marketing,6(8S), pp.299-305. Rouse, M., 2016. Waterfall model.Essential guide: CIO guide toproject management basics DevOps and Agile, pp.1-50. Rumane, A.R., 2016.Quality management in construction projects. CRC Press. Singh, D., Thakur, A. and Chaudhary, A., 2015. A Comparative Study between Waterfall and Incremental Software Development Life Cycle Model.International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology,2(04). Windle, J. and Rolfe, J., 2014. Estimating the nonmarket economic benefits of beach resource management in southeast Queensland, Australia.Australasian Journal of Environmental Management,21(1), pp.65-82. Zeng, S.X., Tam, C.M. and Tam, V.W., 2015. Integrating safety, environmental and quality risks for project management using a FMEA method.Engineering Economics,66(1). Zhang, D., Nasir, H. and Haas, C.T., 2017. Development of an Internal Benchmarking and Metrics Model for Industrial Construction Enterprises for Productivity Improvement.Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, (ja). Zhang, D., Nasir, H. and Haas, C.T., 2017. Development of an Internal Benchmarking and Metrics Model for Industrial Construction Enterprises for Productivity Improvement.Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, (ja). Zhang, F., Wang, X.H., Nunes, P.A. and Ma, C., 2015. The recreational value of gold coast beaches, Australia: An application of the travel cost method.Ecosystem Services,11, pp.106-114.

Speakers Panel Reflective Assignment Essay Example

Speakers Panel Reflective Assignment Essay Speakers Panel Reflective Assignment Name: Course: Instructor: We will write a custom essay sample on Speakers Panel Reflective Assignment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Speakers Panel Reflective Assignment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Speakers Panel Reflective Assignment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Institution: Date: Speakers Panel Reflective Assignment Question 1 Being an aspiring Social Service Worker, the Speaker’s panel brings great encouragement to me. The speaker’s panel guests are ex-graduate students from our college. They now have great jobs in the social work field. They have also achieved success in life. During the speaker’s panel, I noticed three things that I found to be quite inspiring. First, from the life stories they told, I realized that life is never easy for anyone. However, the difficulties in life toughen people and make them turn out to be even more successful. These difficulties made them strong and today they have turned out to be great people. Second, I realize that time management is an important factor. It can greatly affect a person from his education to his career depending on how a person handles it. Therefore, time management greatly contributes to success. Third, I realize that no one is perfect. Along the way, individuals make mistakes but what defines them is how they overcome their mis takes. The mistakes make them wiser and the challenges only make them successful. Setting goals and having a target in life attributes to success. Question 2 I notice I can mostly relate to the speaker from the community and justice. I am inspired and impressed by her speech. She talks about her struggles in life. She is a hardworking person who focuses on achieving success. She is also time conscious and believes wasting time is a great barrier to success achievement. Though she had a financial problem, this did not prevent her from perusing her education. She still turns out to be a successful person today with great leadership skills. I am impressed by how she overcomes her hardships and this encourages me. I am no different from her since I face the same challenges like the financial and social challenges she faced. She makes me realize that these challenges should not prevent someone from perusing education. I am more focused than before in achieving my success of becoming a social worker. Question 3 The speaker’s response inspires me and encourages me to continue in pursuing my profession. Their life experiences make me feel confident in myself. I face the same challenges as the speaker from community and justice who is now successful. This experience makes me more confident in myself since if she can make it then nothing can prevent me from achieving my success. However, I have to maintain my hard work and observe time in order to achieve this. I feel even more determined to achieve my goal in my academic career. I therefore intend to devote more of my time to my academics in order to achieve this success. These responses make me realize that with hard work nothing can stand on the way of success. All this can be achieved by setting and achieving the set target. Question 4 From all this I learn specific things about myself. I realize I am a hardworking and ambitious person. I work hard in order to achieve my goals and finally to achieve the success of being a future social worker. I also consider myself a time conscious person since I like doing my work and achieving the targets I set at the correct time. I realize I am a very confident person. I am confident in myself and in my studies, as I believe I will be successful. I also realize that I am a good listener and an attentive person. I realized that I am an enduring and strong person. Despite the difficulties I face, I still manage to work hard in my studies. The hardships do not make me lose hope. Instead, I am even more determined to achieve success. Question 5 I also learned more about the social service work profession. I now realize that there is code of ethics that every social worker should comply. The social service workers should put the best interest of the client first. They should also practice integrity and many other codes of ethics. I also learned that failure to comply with these codes of ethics might cause social workers to lose their jobs. Social workers help the clients in handling their personal and social problems. They offer counseling, community and social support programs. The registered social service workers have attained college education. They also continue to develop their skills by seeking professional learning. Students aspiring to be social workers should be ready for full-time studies and placements. Leadership skills also play a great part in the social work profession. The social service field is demanding, requires a lot of time and dedication. This field requires a person to practice great time management in order to cope with the great workload available. Therefore, a person considering social work as a profession should possess these characteristics and be able to cope with stress management. The students should develop exceptional interpersonal skills, interviewing skills and critical thinking skills in order to be great social worker. These skills will help them in communicating well and understanding their clients since they interact with people from different ethnic groups. They should be ready to show compassion and willingness to place interest in the community before themselves. The speaker’s panel provided me with this knowledge concerning the social work profession. Question 6 I do not have any doubts on entering the social service profession. I now realize it might just be the best choice of profession for me. I happen to possess the traits required in this field such as being time conscious, having great interpersonal skills and others. I have been working towards being a great social worker and I intend to continue in order to achieve my aspirations. This speaker panel program has encouraged me and made me more confident in myself. I admire the ex-graduated students and I focus on being successful in the social work career just like them. Question 7 Since the social workers have to obtain professional knowledge in order to perfect their skills, I do not know the challenges I may face in my future education as an adult. I therefore wished to ask the speakers panel one question. As a mature student, what challenges may I face in the continuation of my education?

F1 Formula in Singapore Essay Example

F1 Formula in Singapore Essay Example F1 Formula in Singapore Essay F1 Formula in Singapore Essay Essay Topic: Everything Is Illuminated The largest sporting event in Singapore, Formula 1 Singapore Grand Prix, and official name called the Formula 1 Singtel Singapore Grand Prix. It was announced that the telecommunications company Singtel would sponsor the event in November 2007. After signing a five-year deal, it will be set the first ever night race Singapore’s Marina Bay street circuit and also be Asias first F1 street race in 2008. In one of the sports most striking settings, the street circuit snakes through the shimmering skyscrapers along the harbour side of the wealthy Asian financial hub.In other words, the timing of night event means it can be broadcast at a convenient time for European TV audiences. The track also will be illuminated by projectors which match the shape of the course. F1 has put Singapore on the world map, and it continues to put country on the world map year after year. Formula 1 has given the country many benefits. According to the figure from Singapore Tourism Board (STB), this event attracting some 150,000 international visitors over the last four years and injecting about S$600 million into the local economy, must also continue to remain steady.Furthermore, it has been watched by more than 360 million TV viewers in Singapore race. Singapore Grand Prix agreed that Singapore will continue to host the Formula 1 night race for the next five years till 2017, and cut overall costs of organising the Singapore Grand Prix (SGP) event by 15 to 20 per cent. A study has shown that Singapore is likely to reap greater economic spin-offs in tourism and investment from Formula One (F1) the next five years. Objectives- First, formula 1 can act as an annual engine to drive tourists to Singapore.According to the study showed that the race attracted more than 150,000 international visitors over the last four years and about $140 to $150 million in incremental tourism receipts each year. In addition this event promoted Singapore in terms of its investment opportunities, key industries, innovations, people, culture and international objectives. Target Publics- However, Singapore Government and Singapore GP play their role as an organisation’s top management and as technicians who produce and disseminate messages in multiple media channels in this PR campaign.It is not just the releasing of information after a decision has been made, also involves counseling and solve the problem at high levels. The role of foreign viewers of the event on media is target audiences to give feedback to the organisation and as free advertising’ to introduce Singapore to others. Plan of Action- Problem: Singapore will continue to host the F1 Grand Prix till 2017. It wants attract more tourists and foreign investors for the next five years. Objective: 1. Singapore Government must have to look hard to cut overall costs of organising the event by 15 to 20 per cent for future races. . Singapore Government to assure that more will be done to address traffic congestions and complaints from businesses that have been hit by the road closures around the Marina Bay Street Circuit. 3. Singapore Government needs take into account to attract more tourists and foreign investors. F1 bring the net economic benefit to the country. Target Audiences: 1. Tourists 2. Foreign investors Strategies: 1. Leisure and Entertainment Government must work with local business to attract tourist coming to Singapore during the F1 race, such as hotels, restaurants, spas, shopping centre and so on.There can also be F1-IR twin worldwide promotions, selling family packages that include Marina Bay Sands rooms, Universal Studios admissions. In fact, some people don’t come to the watch the race, just to party. Outside of the F1 event, Singapore also must offer plenty of cultural and leisure pursuits such as Marina Bay Sands, Resorts World Sentosa, casino, Garden by the bay, Night Safari, Singapore Art Museum’s program for September, Universal Studio, shopping at Orchard road and Singapore Flyer etc. For example: a.F1 Grand Prix in September, Shell and Cold Storage have launched a marketing initiative whereby customers who spend S$30 at Cold Storage will receive a free S$2 Shell fuel voucher. b. Singapore hotel with great views are running out fast for F1 Singapore. That has Great special offer and discounts in most of the hotels near Marina Bay and central district area in Singapore. Early bird promotion! 2. Advertising As is well known advertising is a good way to present and promote the most persuasive possible selling message to the world for Singapore Formula 1 event.Advertising is information placed in the media. There are two types of media that is traditional media and new media. Government can use those two types of media to advertising and promoting a positive image of the event such as radio, TV, cinema, newspapers, magazines, outdoor ads, posters, internet- website, social media – Facebook, Twitter etc. 3. Operation efficiency of the traffic system in the area Government must taking into account to address the road closure and a lot of accidents caused by the reduced visibility of the road block otherwise it will cause inconvenience to the tourists.It takes hours to get into town and clogs up everything in Singapore. The lost dollars in productivity is more costly than the little financial benefit that the race brings, which is primarily to the richest tier in Singapore. 4. Heighten security measures and monitor air and sound pollution Singapore must provide a safe and clean place for whose coming to here during the race. The Security Systems division in Singapore offers a complete range of security and communication solutions including CCTV, building integration system, intruder detection, public address, fire alarm and voice evacuation etc.Government also need to try their best to monitor the sound and air polluting caused by the event. Tactics: 1. Social Media- it is still a reasonably good ad medium for certain type of advertising. Use it a mechanism to highlight your ad via upload the image. Put the Formula 1 Singtel Singapore Grand Prix’ is a right choice of headline to grab attention to the public. And it will get another 135 character to describe and entice in the body of the ad. 2. Mass media- Each year, concerts by leading artists entertain ticket-holders between races.These concerts have become just as much a part of the Singapore F1 experience as the races themselves, and for many they’re even the main highlight. 3. Magazine- Magazine advertising is one of the most powerful marketing tools available. No matter what event date is fast approaching, magazines know that the focal point lies now in brands and services that will give consumers a reason to attain these depending on what lies ahead. However, magazine advertisements is the fact that ads can look realistic and can jump out at readers, because of their glossy detailing and show of colors that calls for attention.The publishing industry offers a diverse selection of magazines to appeal to young readers and more mature readers with various concerns and interests. By advertising in magazines, we should write an article to introduce Singapore and Formula 1 event. Time magazine is the worlds largest circulation weekly news magazine with a readership of twenty-five million. Budget: Singapore is said to pay an annual fee of about US$40million fee is expected just for hosting and TV broadcast rights. In a new five-year deal that will last until 2017 and cut overall costs of organising the event by 15 to 20 per cent.Launch the Campaign: Singapore Government appoints a public relations company to assist with the promotion of Formula One. Improving F1? s image is certainly a priority, F1 is not nearly as good as other sports including motor racing. In fact, F1 is perceived to be environmentally unfriendly, wasteful, boring and stratospherically expensive. PR certainly could have had a role to play in provide by reason of qualifications, experience and training, advice to a business and if invited, implement measures to solve PR issues by working with the organisation. Monitor the progress:Generally, government can start published all advertising 1 month before Formula 1 sport car event. Singapore environment agency and the race promoter to assess and manage the impact of sound pollution from the F1 race, and to put in place pollution control measures to prevent any accident spillage of oil from the pit area and the race circuit into the Marina reservoir. Evaluate: After launch the PR campaign, organizations should hold the meeting called a progress meeting’ and the minutes may be called a progress report’. Ideally, these meeting should be held monthly.Government must gain the stakeholders support, working with stakeholder to mitigate possible negative commercial impact and build up goodwill for future collaborations in major event. A separate BCG survey said 70 per cent to 90 per cent of business owners and top management of mid-sized companies had improved perceptions of Singapore due to F1. Five per cent to 10 per cent of them are now keen to invest and do business here. Formula 1 sports car racing was the biggest whole-of- government project ever, and the amount cross-agency work was enormous.Led by the STB, many agencies including the Land Transport Authority, Singapore police force, Singapore sports council and the people’s association lent their support to make race a success. Conclusion a. Some retailers in the vicinity have long complained of the dip in shopper traffic during the race due to road closures, causing transport difficulties and a loss of trade for certain shopkeepers. A street-circuit race would also require roads to be closed for almost a week downtown. It would take six weeks to set up the race and three weeks thereafter to dismantle, meaning more traffic disruptions. 1.With a series of road closures in the Marina Centre and City hall area happening during F1 event, government should communication and work with transport agency to add train trips on its MRT lines and extended train and bus service timings. Train and bus schedules have also been adjusted so that passengers taking the last train service from the city will be able to connect to other MRT and LRT lines. The transport provider has also reduced waiting time with trains on the east and west-bound lines arriving every four minutes while those on the north and south-bound lines will arrive at approximately every three minutes.This will happen from 9. 15pm on all three race days. 2. As well as Public Relations includes two-way communication. Along with dissemination of information, it is equally important to gain feedback from the audiences. However, political leader will is needed to convince the people that F1, despite the short-term inconveniences, has long-term benefits such as more jobs and creating a city with more buzz to make it to the big league. 3. The circuit infrastructure, such as concrete barriers and fences has to be hastily installed, and equally hastily dismantled, to minimise inconvenience to citizens and businesses. . A US$40million fee is expected just for hosting and TV broadcast rights. Singapore hosting F1 is not without costs. That is critical for the Government to cut overall costs of organising the event by 15 to 20 per cent for future races. According to the press that amount of money brought in about $160 million in tourist dollars highlighted at the start of the thread is too little given the cost. By use of advertising campaign, we can choice and use of media to achieve maximum results at minimum cost will make the advertising cost-effective.Nowadays, Internet is very common in the world. Government can use social media, new advertising strategy which is Facebook, twitter and blog etc for low cost in order to promote F1 to the world. For example, Facebook may be suitable for building on your fan pages and it able put like us’ button right in the ad, People don’t even have to visit your page also can get latest news and information in their own wall’. In addition, government also can send e newsletter to the public through email.

Bilingualism - Definition and Examples

Bilingualism s Bilingualism is the ability of an individual or the members of a community to use two languages effectively. Adjective: bilingual. Monolingualism refers to the ability to use a single language. The ability to use multiple languages is known as multilingualism. More than half of the  worlds population is bilingual or  multilingual: 56% of Europeans are bilingual, while 38% of the population in Great Britain, 35% in Canada, and 17% in the United States are bilingual (Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia, 2013). Etymology From the Latin, two tongue Examples and Observations Bilingualism as the NormBilingualismmore generally, multilingualismis a major fact of life in the world today. To begin with, the worlds estimated 5,000 languages are spoken in the worlds 200 sovereign states (or 25 languages per state), so that communication among the citizens of many of the worlds countries clearly requires extensive bi- (if not multi-)lingualism. In fact, David Crystal (1997) estimates that two-thirds of the worlds children grow up in a bilingual environment. Considering only bilingualism involving English, the statistics that Crystal has gathered indicate that, of the approximately 570 million people world-wide who speak English, over 41 percent or 235 million are bilingual in English and some other language. . . . One must conclude that, far from being exceptional, as many lay people believe, bilingualism/multilingualismwhich, of course, goes hand in hand with multiculturalism in many casesis currently the rule throughout the world and will become increasingly s o in the future.(Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie, Introduction. The Handbook of Bilingualism. Blackwell, 2006) Global MultilingualismThe political history of the 19th and 20th centuries and the ideology of one stateone nationone language have given rise to the idea that monolingualism has always been the default or normal case in Europe and more or less a precondition for political loyalty. Facing this situation, it has been overlooked that the vast majority of the worlds populationin whatever form or conditionsis multilingual. This is quite obvious when we look at the linguistic maps of Africa, Asia or Southern America at any given time.(Kurt Braunmà ¼ller and Gisella Ferraresi, Introduction. Aspects of Multilingualism in European Language History. John Benjamins, 2003)Individual and Societal BilingualismBilingualism exists as a possession of an individual. It is also possible to talk about bilingualism as a characteristic of a group or community of people [societal bilingualism]. Bilinguals and multilinguals are most often located in groups, communities or in a particular region (e.g. Cata lans in Spain). . . . [C]o-existing languages may be in a process of rapid change, living in harmony or one rapidly advancing at the cost of the other, or sometimes in conflict. Where many language minorities exist, there is often language shift . . ..(Colin Baker and Sylvia Prys Jones, Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters, 1998) Foreign Language Instruction in the U.S.For decades, U.S. policymakers, business leaders, educators, and research organizations have decried our students’ lack of foreign language skills and called for better language instruction. Yet, despite these calls for action, we have fallen further behind the rest of the world in preparing our students to communicate effectively in languages other than English.I believe the main reason for this disparity is that foreign languages are treated by our public education system as less important than math, science and English. In contrast, E.U. governments expect their citizens to become fluent in at least two languages plus their native tongue. . . .[F]oreign language instruction in the U.S. is frequently considered a luxury, a subject taught to college-bound students, more frequently in affluent than poor school districts, and readily cut when math or reading test scores drop or budget cuts loom.(Ingrid Pufahl, How Europe Does It. The New York Times, February. 7, 2010)

Answer the questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer the questions - Essay Example Chapter 4 (bearing the name, â€Å"Holocaust: the Genocide of the Jews†), Chapter 5 (named â€Å"Holocaust: the Gypsies†) and Chapter 6 (with the name, â€Å"Holocaust: The Genocide of Disabled Peoples†) focuses on the recent pattern of genocides across the globe and examines the trend of transformation regarding the nature of the practice from the twentieth to twenty-first century. Here, the author is found to establish initially the meaning of genocide as it appeared before the world through the extermination of almost 5 to 6 millions of Jews by the Nazis. The next chapter focuses on the historical perspectives and parameters on which it flourished. The undermining of the brutal murder of one-quarter and one-half million of Sinti and Roma in the recent histographic representation of the Nazi genocide is found in the next chapter. The last chapter focuses on more gruesome and horrifying killing of the chronically mentally ill patients or patients severely injure d or disabled after World War II by the medical establishment of Germany who were acting both with and without the knowledge of the government by the Nazis. These patients were termed by their doctors as â€Å"useless eaters† and were brutally slaughtered. The points put forwarded by Totten and his historical analysis for the reason of these genocides and compelling suggestion to stop the brutal act as well are not only convincing but are accepted by any reader easily as they are all culminated systematically and backed by

Critically consider the impact of implementing the new statutory Essay - 1

Critically consider the impact of implementing the new statutory guidence for the new early years foundation stage 2012 across the early years sector - Essay Example The new statutory guidance is based on four principles that ensure the child is brought up in a unique manner to produce an individual who is self reliant and independent. It provides to the professionals a set of principles and requirements whose target is providing high quality education to the children. The principles ensures that all the professional educators meet a certain set target of quality ensuring that the children are equally educated at the tender age. The new statutory insists on the professionals spending more of their time interacting with the children to ensure that there are more creative and communicate easily. The uniformity in the kind of quality expected in the children at this age will ensure that the level of competition in the education increases and hence better individuals are produced starting from this early stage. The new early year’s foundation is very mindful on the children and the improvements are expected to benefit them more. It equips the professionals with knowledge of how to share the progress of children between the age of one and three years (Jarvis, George and Holland 2013, p.65). The children are assessed on personal, emotional and social development that was not there in the earlier foundation. The children are also examined on literacy in mathematics design and expressive arts. This kind of assessment will have an effect on the children such that their talents and abilities are identified very early and guiding them into choosing a career will be easier. The EYFS insists on partnership between the parents and the professionals so that the child is developed both at home and at school. It encourages parent involvement in the child development and it gives insight on how they can support the development at home. The parent spends most of the time with the child and it would be easier for them than the teacher to identify the needs of the child that would

William Goldings Choice Of Language Essay Example for Free

William Goldings Choice Of Language Essay William Goldings choice of language in this extract sets the scene on the island. He uses simple words such as leaped and dashed to show the swift movements of Ralph, which also create the dramatic action. They show the distress Ralph is in whilst he is on the run from Jacks savages and his desperation to survive. Simple phrases such as shied like a horse at the sound of shrills also dramatise upon the action. These show how frightened and nervous Ralph has become, as horses usually are frightened and terrified of most things (i. e. too many people) The quote Most he was beginning to dreadmaking a simpleton of him is also another example of imagery as it describes how his mind may go suddenly blank (idea of the curtain), losing any sense of what was happening around him the curtain that might waver in his brain The idea of the curtain gives the impression of that he isnt in a good state of mind, as he is on he is on the run for his life, and also been hunted down by Jacks tribe. William Golding also uses a war reference in the book which is quite ironic, as at the time he wrote the book he was horrified by the events of WWII the advancing line would pass without discovering him. It creates the image of WWII and the Jews on the run from the Nazis trying to hide away and not be caught. Linked to the story it shows the Ralph is like a Jew on the run from Jacks tribe (Nazi army) and how he is an outcast. The sentence structure is quite different throughout, as some sentences are short, whilst others long. The shorter sentences build upon the dramatic action as it shows very fast action taking place. For example when Ralph is on the run the sentences are very short, too signify fast action He flung himself down by some ferns and when Ralph is thinking to himself the sentences are very long possibly to signify the chains of thoughts Ralph has on avoiding death There was no Piggy to talk sense. There was no solemn assembly for debate nor dignity of the conch. Some sentences also vary in complexity as some just state simple facts whereas others use devices such as imagery, within them i.e. jeered up into a blanket of smoke The quote jeered up into a blanket of smoke uses imagery as the word blanket created the image of the island covered with smoke. This technique is used frequently to try and help the reader understand the situation and what the character/surroundings are like. Another example of imagery is when it says bars and splashes of sunlight flitted over him and sweat made glistening streaks on his dirty body This creates the image of the intense sunlight reflecting off him because off the sweat and also give the impression he has been on the run for some time hence dirty body The language that he uses also emphasises upon the dramatic action as he uses short, snappy phrases that gets the reader gripped and immediately aware of the situation shrill and inevitable, was the ululation sweeping across the island Overall William Golding uses a combination of effective techniques to make his novel more of a success. The effect of imagery makes the novel more exciting and the short phrases he uses also emphasises upon the dramatic action he had planned for his novel to have.

A Night at Grandma’s :: Personal Narrative Writing

A Night at Grandma’s When I stand in the foyer, taking off my coat, I realize just how small the place is. The narrow space is barely wide enough to open the closet door when there is more than one person standing there. The wire hangers rustle as I pick one to hang my coat on. My shoes make a whiffing noise as I wipe them on the carpet, and they squeak on the tiled floor. After I take them off, I stand up and look at the myriad of pictures hanging on the wall. I know all the people in them, but they seem like strangers because we are so young. The really old ones are yellowing around the edges and it is obvious that my grandfather took some of them because they are badly focused. My favorites are the ones that were taken when my cousins and I were young. I especially love the one of my dad without his moustache. I always try to picture what he would look like today if he shaved it off. The immaculate white carpet. It is so white, it looks brand new even though it is twelve years old. It feels plushy, warm and soft under my feet. I go into the kitchen, and suddenly the floor changes. The floor is no longer soft and plushy carpet, it is hard and cold and my stocking feet slide easily as if I were on ice skates. The kitchen is so small it can barely accommodate all three of us at the same time. I sit in the rickety metal chair with the white pleather seat and pull-down step. The chair squeals with my every movement. I rest my elbows on the cold formica countertops as I talk to my grandma and grandpa. The sharp corner jabs into my side, and I quickly recoil. On the stove, there are a couple of pots. The flames beneath them dance, showing off vibrant yellow and orange, while they warm the pots and their contents. Water hisses and spits from the pot on the back burner letting everyone know that it has come to a boil. The ceramic dishes scrape against one another as I pull them from them from the cabinet.

Newspaper analysis by Marx, Durkheim or Weber`s Theories

The issue of inequality has been widely discussed in many different contexts during various periods of human history. The fate of Australian aborigines requires special attention, due to its importance in the modern Australian society. As the article â€Å"Challenge to Improve Aborigines’ Lot† suggests, Australian aborigines claim that they are discriminated against and that they do not have equal rights with other members of Australian society. They state that most of the problems which they are currently facing come from their inequality in the society.They are destined to suffer from high rates of unemployment, racism, shorter life expectancy, high mortality rates among children and many other problems. Aborigines claim that they do not have equal opportunities with other members of society, and therefore they are not able to enjoy benefits of Australian society as much as other Australians. Theory of sagacious theorist Karl Marx supports the thesis of Jim Everett, o ne of the aborigines’ leaders, concerning the importance of fighting for their rights and even establishing an autonomous state of aborigines for their benefit. Karl Marx argued in his theory that dominant class oppresses working class in the society, which leads to alienation and estrangement of the working class from the results of its work.An important thesis which supports the main idea of the article is that, according to Marx, laws have been designed to serve the interests of capitalism and the ruling class of capitalists. Therefore, the laws in Australian society have been created to serve the interests of the dominant class and oppress aborigines. As Marx claimed, capitalists are able to oppress the working class with the help of the laws which exist in the society. Every single law which regulates the relations in the society is created in order to further increase the gap between the ruling class and the working class.Working people get poorer and poorer the more th ey produce because capitalists take the surplus value which they create. Laws let capitalists obtain the profits which are originated by companies. Even though working people would probably like to change the law and be capable to benefit from the results of their own work, they are not able to do that because they do not have enough power. Aborigines would like to change the law in such a way so that they are able to get all of the benefits from the society in the same manner as the ruling class is getting them. Unfortunately, they are not able to do that because the laws in Australian society have been created to serve the interests of the ruling elite.It is possible to regard Marx’s views on law in 2 ways: from the positivist perspective, according to which law is created in order to reflect subjective interests of the capitalist class, and from the objective perspective. As the positivist approach argues, capitalists have their own subjective perceptions of the society an d thus the laws are being used in order to put their subjective views on the paper. Capitalists have their views on the ways in which they would like to see the world they live in.They do their best to ensure that the laws are adopted to regulate the society according to the most favorable pattern for them. It is also possible to interpret Marx’s views on law from the objective perspective. According to it, law also serves the interests of capitalists but it appears as the result of the objective process. Capitalists dominate in the society and therefore the trends in legislation which serve their interests are fully objective. It is understandable that legislation needs to reflect the interests of the ruling class, and therefore this process is fully objective.In the case of Australian aborigines’ inequality analysis, it is necessary to take positivist perspective on Marx’s understanding of law. Current legislation which exists in Australia was not formed as th e result of objective process. Instead, it was imposed on Australian people in order to oppress them. European colonizers arrived in Australia a few centuries ago, and it was very important for them to ensure that indigenous people in Australia followed the laws which were beneficial for the conquerors. The first steps which were taken by the colonizers included expropriation of lands originally owned by them.The following steps were both positive and negative. On one hand, colonizers offered new health and educational benefits to the aborigines, which improved their lifestyle. On the other hand, aborigines saw the oppression of their culture. For example, they were not allowed to speak their native language in many situations, and children of aborigines were taken from their families. For Australian indigenous people, their traditions were one of the most important parts of their lives, and thus they witnessed deep humiliation as the result of colonizers’ policy. Aborigines did not need Europeans to dictate them their policy in everything; they would much rather prefer to carry out decisions on their own, as they did in previous years.They wanted to participate in the legislative process in the country when it comes to their rights and duties. Unfortunately, they never got a chance for that. Australian government still considers itself much more proficient in the aborigines’ affairs than aborigines themselves, and therefore seeks to regulate their lives according to its principles and ideas.Some changes have been recently made in order to improve the situation, but they are not sufficient in this situation, as Marx would mark. ASTIC, a commission dealing with aborigines’ rights, was replaced by a more efficient advisory board, the members of which included aborigines themselves. Even though this board is obviously going to be more efficient in addressing aborigines’’ rights, it is not capable to make a radical enough change in the society. The number of problems from which Australian natives are currently suffering is literally overwhelming, and small change in legislation will not be able to minimize their effect significantly.For example, aborigines’ women are dying at a very early age, and this tendency needs to be stopped by radical methods. The expectancy of live of male aborigines is still 21 year shorter than other male Australians. According to statistics, even people in such poor countries as Bangladesh, Nepal and others have higher standards of life and much better health than Australian aborigines, despite the fact that Australia is currently considered one of the world’s wealthiest nations with good healthcare level.This evidence proves that there is a great lag between the levels of health services which are received by Australian aborigines, in comparison with other Australians. Even though some improvements in health services for Australian indigenous people have been made, according to the evidence of the article, they did not have any major positive effect on the health of the nation. Health is a very important characteristic of any nation, and without improving the healthcare system in Australia, it will be impossible to achieve any positive changes in the development of native people.The concept of â€Å"alienation†, which has been suggested by Karl Marx, can also be applied to analyze the issues connected with Australian aborigines. According to Marx, in the capitalist society, people are estranged from the results of their work. They are forced to work but unfortunately they are not the ones to take advantage of the results of their work.The owners of the factories, in which employees work, are the ones benefiting from the products which are created by the workers. Marx mentioned many times that such a society is characterized by alienation because workers are unable to take advantage of the results of their own work. The society based on the concept of alienation is destined to fail because at some point the relations which have got established in it will stop working.Aborigines do not represent a working class per se, but they do represent an oppressed class which is not able to take advantage from the results of their work. If in the past Australian aborigines were able to use their results of work for their own benefit, the situation changed rapidly after the European colonization began. Indigenous people were estranged from the results of work which they had been doing for centuries. They feel alienated in the new society. As it was mentioned above, laws in the Australian society have been created to serve the interests of the colonizers, and aborigines are therefore left behind in many aspects of life.Even though the government claims that they have equal rights with all of the other members of the society, figures show that the level of life of aborigines is much lower. These people are forced to suffer from high rate of un-employment and racism, which increase their alienation to an even greater degree. Aborigines state that they are experiencing institutionalized racism in many aspects of their lives, and no steps have been taken by the government to bring it to an end. The policy of welfare is also not fit to address aborigines’ rights.Many recommendations could be given to the Australian decision-makers in order to improve the situation with aborigines in the country. Karl Marx would claim that radical change will need to take place in Australian society in order to bring it to equilibrium. In his theory, Marx argued that all of the characteristic features of the capitalist production created a solid basis for the conflicts between social classes of capitalists and workers. According to Marx, the exploitation of workers provided on all levels of production, their estrangement from the results of work all were the reasons of the inevitable changes in the future.The fact that s urplus value was obtained by the capitalist was also one of the arguments for the future change in the structure. The class of workers realized that the results of their work were taken by the capitalist even though they were the ones who actually created the value. The dialectics argues that contradictions are the driving force of progress. Once contradictions appear in some system, the system will need to undergo many changes and develop until the new level in which the synthesis of new qualities will be finally reached. Therefore, as it was correctly noticed by Marx, the phase of capitalism could not be completely over- it would just develop until its new phase socialism and the most positive features of both systems would be present in the final synthesis of the two systems. In case of Australian society, the law of dialectics would ensure that aborigines eventually occupied a decent place in the society.In order to achieve that, Karl Marx would suggest applying one of his favor ite concepts- â€Å"re-education†. All of the aborigines would have to be re-educated for them to be able to occupy all of the high-paying jobs along with other Australians. As the result of increased earnings, aborigines would be able to spend more money on healthcare and thus increase life expectancy and health of their race. Unemployment among indigenous people would rapidly decrease because more and more aborigines would be able to occupy positions in various spheres. Domestic violence and crime would wane as the result of improved education and level of life.In conclusion, it is necessary to mark that Karl Marx’s theory is very applicable for the analysis of the situation with aborigines in Australia. Even though Karl Marx did not ponder over the issues of Australian aborigines, his concepts can be very helpful in the analysis of the phenomenon and creation of recommendations to improve the level of life of aborigines.Bibliography.Altschuler, R. (2000), The Living Legacy of Marx, Durkheim and Weber: Applications and Analyses of Classical Sociological Theory by Modern Social Scientists. Gordian Knot Books, USA. Eastman Max, Marx Karl (1959). Capital, the Communist Manifesto and Other Writings. The Modern Library. Fromm, Erich 91966). Marx's Concept of Man. New York: Frederick Ungar. Giddens, Anthony (1971). Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Kivisto, P. (2004), Illuminating Social Life: Classical and Contemporary Theory Revisited, 3rd ed., Pine Forge, Thousand Oaks. Peterson G. Paul. (1994), Karl Marx and His Vision of Salvation: The Natural Law and Private Property. Review of Social Economy. Volume: 52. Issue: 3. Ritzer, G. (1992), Classical Sociological theory. NY: McGraw Hill. Schlatter, Richard (1951). Private Property. London, UK: George Allen & Unwin. Newspaper analysis by Marx, Durkheim or Weber`s Theories Newspaper analysis by Marx, Durkheim or Weber`s Theories.The issue of inequality has been widely discussed in many different contexts during various periods of human history. The fate of Australian aborigines requires special attention, due to its importance in the modern Australian society. As the article â€Å"Challenge to Improve Aborigines’ Lot† suggests, Australian aborigines claim that they are discriminated against and that they do not have equal rights with other members of Australian society. They state that most of the problems which they are currently facing come from their inequality in the society. They are destined to suffer from high rates of unemployment, racism, shorter life expectancy, high mortality rates among children and many other problems.Aborigines claim that they do not have equal opportunities with other members of society, and therefore they are not able to enjoy benefits of Australian society as much as other Australians. Theory of sagacious theorist Karl Marx supports the thesis of Jim Everett, one of the aborigines’ leaders, concerning the importance of fighting for their rights and even establishing an autonomous state of aborigines for their benefit. Karl Marx argued in his theory that dominant class oppresses working class in the society, which leads to alienation and estrangement of the working class from the results of its work.An important thesis which supports the main idea of the article is that, according to Marx, laws have been designed to serve the interests of capitalism and the ruling class of capitalists. Therefore, the laws in Australian society have been created to serve the interests of the dominant class and oppress aborigines. As Marx claimed, capitalists are able to oppress the working class with the help of the laws which exist in the society. Every single law which regulates the relations in the society is created in order to further increase the gap between the ruling class and the worki ng class. Working people get poorer and poorer the more they produce because capitalists take the surplus value which they create.Laws let capitalists obtain the profits which are originated by companies. Even though working people would probably like to change the law and be capable to benefit from the results of their own work, they are not able to do that because they do not have enough power. Aborigines would like to change the law in such a way so that they are able to get all of the benefits from the society in the same manner as the ruling class is getting them. Unfortunately, they are not able to do that because the laws in Australian society have been created to serve the interests of the ruling elite.It is possible to regard Marx’s views on law in 2 ways: from the positivist perspective, according to which law is created in order to reflect subjective interests of the capitalist class, and from the objective perspective. As the positivist approach argues, capitalist s have their own subjective perceptions of the society and thus the laws are being used in order to put their subjective views on the paper. Capitalists have their views on the ways in which they would like to see the world they live in. They do their best to ensure that the laws are adopted to regulate the society according to the most favorable pattern for them. It is also possible to interpret Marx’s views on law from the objective perspective. According to it, law also serves the interests of capitalists but it appears as the result of the objective process. Capitalists dominate in the society and therefore the trends in legislation which serve their interests are fully objective. It is understandable that legislation needs to reflect the interests of the ruling class, and therefore this process is fully objective.In the case of Australian aborigines’ inequality analysis, it is necessary to take positivist perspective on Marx’s understanding of law. Current legislation which exists in Australia was not formed as the result of objective process. Instead, it was imposed on Australian people in order to oppress them. European colonizers arrived in Australia a few centuries ago, and it was very important for them to ensure that indigenous people in Australia followed the laws which were beneficial for the conquerors. The first steps which were taken by the colonizers included expropriation of lands originally owned by them. The following steps were both positive and negative. On one hand, colonizers offered new health and educational benefits to the aborigines, which improved their lifestyle.On the other hand, aborigines saw the oppression of their culture. For example, they were not allowed to speak their native language in many situations, and children of aborigines were taken from their families. For Australian indigenous people, their traditions were one of the most important parts of their lives, and thus they witnessed deep humiliati on as the result of colonizers’ policy. Aborigines did not need Europeans to dictate them their policy in everything; they would much rather prefer to carry out decisions on their own, as they did in previous years. They wanted to participate in the legislative process in the country when it comes to their rights and duties. Unfortunately, they never got a chance for that. Australian government still considers itself much more proficient in the aborigines’ affairs than aborigines themselves, and therefore seeks to regulate their lives according to its principles and ideas.Some changes have been recently made in order to improve the situation, but they are not sufficient in this situation, as Marx would mark. ASTIC, a commission dealing with aborigines’ rights, was replaced by a more efficient advisory board, the members of which included aborigines themselves. Even though this board is obviously going to be more efficient in addressing aborigines’’ rights, it is not capable to make a radical enough change in the society. The number of problems from which Australian natives are currently suffering is literally overwhelming, and small change in legislation will not be able to minimize their effect significantly.For example, aborigines’ women are dying at a very early age, and this tendency needs to be stopped by radical methods. The expectancy of live of male aborigines is still 21 year shorter than other male Australians. According to statistics, even people in such poor countries as Bangladesh, Nepal and others have higher standards of life and much better health than Australian aborigines, despite the fact that Australia is currently considered one of the world’s wealthiest nations with good healthcare level.This evidence proves that there is a great lag between the levels of health services which are received by Australian aborigines, in comparison with other Australians. Even though some improvements in healt h services for Australian indigenous people have been made, according to the evidence of the article, they did not have any major positive effect on the health of the nation. Health is a very important characteristic of any nation, and without improving the healthcare system in Australia, it will be impossible to achieve any positive changes in the development of native people.The concept of â€Å"alienation†, which has been suggested by Karl Marx, can also be applied to analyze the issues connected with Australian aborigines. According to Marx, in the capitalist society, people are estranged from the results of their work. They are forced to work but unfortunately they are not the ones to take advantage of the results of their work. The owners of the factories, in which employees work, are the ones benefiting from the products which are created by the workers. Marx mentioned many times that such a society is characterized by alienation because workers are unable to take adva ntage of the results of their own work. The society based on the concept of alienation is destined to fail because at some point the relations which have got established in it will stop working.Aborigines do not represent a working class per se, but they do represent an oppressed class which is not able to take advantage from the results of their work. If in the past Australian aborigines were able to use their results of work for their own benefit, the situation changed rapidly after the European colonization began. Indigenous people were estranged from the results of work which they had been doing for centuries. They feel alienated in the new society. As it was mentioned above, laws in the Australian society have been created to serve the interests of the colonizers, and aborigines are therefore left behind in many aspects of life. Even though the government claims that they have equal rights with all of the other members of the society, figures show that the level of life of abor igines is much lower.These people are forced to suffer from high rate of un-employment and racism, which increase their alienation to an even greater degree. Aborigines state that they are experiencing institutionalized racism in many aspects of their lives, and no steps have been taken by the government to bring it to an end. The policy of welfare is also not fit to address aborigines’ rights.Many recommendations could be given to the Australian decision-makers in order to improve the situation with aborigines in the country. Karl Marx would claim that radical change will need to take place in Australian society in order to bring it to equilibrium. In his theory, Marx argued that all of the characteristic features of the capitalist production created a solid basis for the conflicts between social classes of capitalists and workers. According to Marx, the exploitation of workers provided on all levels of production, their estrangement from the results of work all were the rea sons of the inevitable changes in the future. The fact that surplus value was obtained by the capitalist was also one of the arguments for the future change in the structure.The class of workers realized that the results of their work were taken by the capitalist even though they were the ones who actually created the value. The dialectics argues that contradictions are the driving force of progress. Once contradictions appear in some system, the system will need to undergo many changes and develop until the new level in which the synthesis of new qualities will be finally reached. Therefore, as it was correctly noticed by Marx, the phase of capitalism could not be completely over- it would just develop until its new phase socialism and the most positive features of both systems would be present in the final synthesis of the two systems. In case of Australian society, the law of dialectics would ensure that aborigines eventually occupied a decent place in the society.In order to ach ieve that, Karl Marx would suggest applying one of his favorite concepts- â€Å"re-education†. All of the aborigines would have to be re-educated for them to be able to occupy all of the high-paying jobs along with other Australians. As the result of increased earnings, aborigines would be able to spend more money on healthcare and thus increase life expectancy and health of their race. Unemployment among indigenous people would rapidly decrease because more and more aborigines would be able to occupy positions in various spheres. Domestic violence and crime would wane as the result of improved education and level of life.In conclusion, it is necessary to mark that Karl Marx’s theory is very applicable for the analysis of the situation with aborigines in Australia. Even though Karl Marx did not ponder over the issues of Australian aborigines, his concepts can be very helpful in the analysis of the phenomenon and creation of recommendations to improve the level of life of aborigines.Bibliography.Altschuler, R. (2000), The Living Legacy of Marx, Durkheim and Weber: Applications and Analyses of Classical Sociological Theory by Modern Social Scientists. Gordian Knot Books, USA. Eastman Max, Marx Karl (1959). Capital, the Communist Manifesto and Other Writings. The Modern Library. Fromm, Erich 91966). Marx's Concept of Man. New York: Frederick Ungar. Giddens, Anthony (1971). Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Kivisto, P. (2004), Illuminating Social Life: Classical and Contemporary Theory Revisited, 3rd ed., Pine Forge, Thousand Oaks. Peterson G. Paul. (1994), Karl Marx and His Vision of Salvation: The Natural Law and Private Property. Review of Social Economy. Volume: 52. Issue: 3. Ritzer, G. (1992), Classical Sociological theory. NY: McGraw Hill. Schlatter, Richard (1951). Private Property. London, UK: George Allen & Unwin.

Communication and Dialogue Essay

In this new era of globalisation wherein people from diverse culture and ethnicity have come together to work in an organisation, dialogue is indeed an important way of communication. Many researches have proved the fact that differences in culture may inculcate a difference in the thinking pattern or stem into differential analysis of a situation. In an organisation where values and growth are related  to each other, differences in opinion may lead to altercation and conflicts if not addressed well. Dialogue, a bidirectional flow of communication where emphasis is laid not only on saying but also on listening and understanding at the same time can be an useful tool in an organisation to resolve inter personal conflicts, conflicts within the department or conflicts between two different departments of the same organisation. The essay will highlight the importance of introduction of dialogue in a multicultural organisation and its use as a problem solving tool in multicultural organisation where cultural thinking act as an impediment among them. Also, it will review the role of dialogue in promoting organisational learning. Next it will explore some of the barriers in communication such as â€Å"Silo virus† and need for eliminations of those barriers, ending into a conclusion for the implication of dialogue in a multicultural organisation. Sequential Conversation or Unidirectional Flow of Communication versus Dialogic conversation A conversation is said to be sequential or unidirectional when there is a flow of information from the speaker to the listener (Eisenberg & Goodall, p. 27). This one way communication can be practically seen in classes where student completely rely on teachers lectures, also when managers or the instructor define the protocol of the work to the subordinates or receivers. In other words in a unidirectional or sequential communication listeners are passive and are uninvolved in constructing the ideas of the communication (Eisenberg & Goodall, p. 28)  . Traditionally communication between managers and employee were articulated as straightforward unidirectional flow of delivering management messages to employees and other constituencies (Tourish and Hargie 2009, p. ). However, dialogue provides equal opportunities to all who are involved in the communication. Everyone has the say to voice their opinion and give their feedback either in agreement or in opposition of the core matter. Dialogue in a working definition can be defined as a mindful conversation emphasising on equitable and empathetic transaction of opinions of the participant s to create new opportunities for working together to produce new and innovative ideas (Eisenberg & Goodall, p. 40-45) Hence dialogue is a balance between creativity and constraints (Eisenberg & Goodall ,p. 0). Dialogue demands its participants should be able to critically reflect themselves i. e, they should be open to the fact that the perceptions made by them may not always be accurate. â€Å"What we perceive is often based on our needs, our expectations, our projections, and, most of all, our culturally learned assumptions and categories of thought (Schein 1993,p. 33)†. Participants should be able to suspend the perceptions and feelings for some time to see the outcome of the dialogue (Schein 1993). By suspending the feelings the participants will allow the disagreements to fly off, hence will build mutual understanding and trust on each other. Higher the trust higher will be the effectiveness of the group. Participants will be open to voice their unfearful opinions, and will come up with more innovative and successful solutions. Dialogue as a problem solving tool in a multicultural organisation The definition of dialogue says that there should be equal sharing of perceptions, assumptions, thoughts and experiences to come to an radical conclusion (Schein 1993). Healthy communication connects the employee more strongly with the organisation by eliminating the sense of isolation and dissatisfaction. Employee who communicate regularly with their managers and co-employees have a higher sense of job engagement than those who are reluctant to voice their opinion. There is a direct relation between the healthy communication, participation of the employees in decision making and growth of the organisation. Dialogue does not only mean that you are heard, but it also signifies that your voice matters in the decisions of the company. It gives a sense of belonging to the employee and burns out stress and discomfort. The organisation with the higher number of contented employee will have higher productivity both in number and innovations. â€Å"The quality of relationships with co-workers is a crucial factor in determining levels of job satisfaction† (Tourish & Hargie 2009, p. 16). Job satisfaction cannot only be guaranteed by successful completion of a task, but it involves many other vital factors too. Today when it is impossible to find an uncultured organisation, learning about the intercultural ommunication is an indispensable necessity (Crossman et al 2011, p. 57). Culture plays an prominent role in structuring human behaviour, ideas and thought process (Wood2011). Differences of thinking may lead to ambiguity at the work place which may end into conflicts. According to Ting-Toomey, the greater the difference between two cultures, the more that conflicts will arise in areas such as historical griev ances, cultural world views and beliefs (Crossman et al 2011). Creating Coherence in Multicultural Organisation with dialogue Employees have different personal needs and hence different dimensions for the satisfaction. The organisation should know about the personnel needs of the employee and should work in a way to nurture good relationships among the employees (Tourish & Hargie 2009). Incorporating good communication practices such as regular group meetings, open house discussions or building new channels for communication sustains job engagement of the employee. Mangers should have expertise in intercultural communication skills to nurture an environment of tolerance to the ambiguity caused by incompatibility of cultural values and norms. As Brannen & Salk 1999, said working together to give fruitful result can only be achieved by compromising the ambiguity and confusion for quality issues. The practices like   an  open house group discussions  ,thought sharing and dialogues exchange with seniors and colleagues will help in bridging the gap of miscommunication and misunderstanding. Employees who have an access to information, organisation policies, new ventures and developments feel more secure and safe at work. Intercultural communications along with dialogue help in enhancing the process of organisational learning through group interaction. It helps in sharing of cultural ideas, values and beliefs. Cordial and happy relations at work place eliminate stress and burnout caused by work pressure and thus benefits the employee with good concentration and higher thinking. Socially balanced work culture  breed  employee with better insights and hence result in collaborative thinking and exemplary innovations. However in a real business world where emphasis is laid more towards the successful completion of the task, is it realistic to preach dialogue at every stage of decision making? Is it possible for an organisation to understand the needs of every employee? Will it be correct to say that it  is the responsibility of a manager to inoculate good intercultural communication where the employees are reluctant to shift their values and paradigm? Implementing dialogue can be a laborious process for a manager. It is the Manager who bears the responsibility of accomplishing the targets with in the given time frame. Dialogue can only be successful when employees are ready to take the responsibility to change themselves, else it will only result in wastage of time. Dialogue is easy to preach in a likeminded group sharing similar values but difficult to express with those who are reluctant to change. Say for instance it is easy to teach a budding employee about the virtues of good communication. However,  the same could not be expressed to those highly experienced or talented employees who are reluctant to adapt to new changes. Also, it is difficult to bring employees out of their comfort zone and to speak up expressing their true feelings. Dialogue- the core of organisational learning Dialogue lies at the core of organizational learning, for without dialogue, individuals and groups cannot effectively exchange ideas, nor can they develop shared understanding† (Mazustis & Slawinski 2008, pg 438). Argyris said that there are two different modes of learning, Model 1 and Model II, best be summarized as single or double loop learning. He mentioned in his writing â€Å"Teaching Smart people how to learn†, highly skilled professional are good at single loop learning because of their vast experiences and success gained in those experiences. However, Argyris argue that it is difficult for them to admit their mistake,  and hence they adopt a defensive attitude wherein they start blaming others for the failure. Defensive reasoning can block learning. Model I learning behavior persists throughout the organization resulting in to win/lose dynamics in which individual avoid confrontation (Mazustis & Slawinski 2008). On contrast Model II which is based on open dialogue, self-reflection and double loop learning will help in bringing fundamental changes in organizational norms, priorities and behavior (Argyris and Schon1978). It is through dialogue that people share ideas with others. Integration of these ideas with others is only possible when a group has   a  common language and common thought process, which can only be built by dialogue(Mazustis & Slawinski 2008). Shared meaning can lead not only to the transference of knowledge, but also to the creation of new knowledge and understanding among participants (Mazustis & Slawinski 2008). Finally, the process get embedded into the organization. This process is what Crossan et al. (1999) refer to as institutionalizing. Dialogue is therefore at the core of the socio-psychological processes of the model of organizational learning (Crossan et al. , 1999)† (Mazustis & Slawinski 2008). Barriers to communication- Silos formation Advancement in technology and increase in complexity of organisation resulted in division of the organisation into different specialised departments or subunits. Employee in one department share same work language, technology and work terminology developing a subculture of its own. Different departments in an organisation work together to complete the task, failure of one may result in failure of others. Organisational effectiveness is therefore dependent on the valid communication across subculture boundaries† (Schein 1993,p. 41). Silo formation and Need to eliminate Silos Fragmentation of organisation into small departments may result in the formation of â€Å"silos† throughout the organisation. Individuals in silos share strong personnel bonds, common interests, abilities, work structure and relational bonds that differentiate them from others. Individuals in a silo interact more to each other than with the outside employees creating an atmosphere of alienation for those who are not part of the silo group. Silos act as a barrier to inter departmental flow of communication resulting in the  creation of isolation and hostility for others who are not  part of the group. Employees hesitate to co-operate with other departments thinking that the objective of their silo is different from that of other department. Interdepartmental competition may prevent the desire to transfer valuable information from one to other department. Communication breakdown can lead to errors and finger pointing, lack of responsibilities and hence failure of the task or the department itself What is the role of a good manager in an organisation full of silos? Managers should learn to trust his team members and also should show respect their peers. Mutual trust, respect for each other structure and values will help in dissolving silos. Senior should preach the essential values of their organisation and not that of a single department. Organisation based on Hierarchical pyramid structure An organisation based on principals to maintain and respect hierarchical structure, could not support dialogue. Hierarchy do not support the idea of cross questioning your boss or voicing against the idea of your manager, it may lead to serious repercussions for the employee. Time constrain Time is again a vital factor to be considered while promoting dialogue. Every project is designed to be accomplished with in a limited time frame. Listening to every voice of the department may lead to wastage of time. Managers should be able to recognise the right time to implement debate and discussion instead of dialogue. Breaching the comfort zone of employee Dialogue demands empathy and tolerance to other and is a time consuming process. In this fast pace society where human beings are already over engaged with priorities it is difficult to maintain patience to listen to others. Highly experienced employee find it difficult to listen to a new employee, they do not want to change their work protocol and hesitate to adapt to new changes. It is difficult to breach the comfort zone of over experienced employees and sometimes they find it insulting too. Defensive Behaviour and lack of trust Individuals may engage into defensive routines where they hesitate to open a dialogue with the seniors fearing that may lead to some serious problems with the co-employees or the manager himself. Also, colleagues working in an organisation may feel competition with their  colleague, and thus, employee consciously prevent flow of information to others creating a hostile environment for others. Lack of true Feedback Dialogue may be impeded by organisation norms such as the practice of only delivering good news to senior managers, and hiding distressing news. Individuals need  the  information to be able to detect and correct errors, but some organizational norms prevent such information from being discussed (Argyris and Schon, 1978). Baker et al. 2005: 425), for example, conclude that some ‘norms determine what can be said and not said, what and who is heard and not heard, who has  a  voice and who does not have  Ã‚  a  voice   who is in and who is out of the conversation’ (Mazustis & Slawinski 2008). These norms inhibit prevent knowledge from being shared openly across functional silos, divisions and levels. Conclusion Dialogue is no doubt an i mportant tool of communication to bring changes in an organisation and to promote  a  higher degree of organisational learning. Proper implementation of dialogue in an organisation will make employees more responsible to each other. It will also ensure trust, empathy, tolerance and engagement among the employees by creating a safe and secure work environment. Sharing of ideas, discussion about work and group thinking will inculcate high sense creativity and innovations. However, it is difficult to have an idealistic organisation working on the principals of dialogue. It  is a group endeavour and demands time and patience which are difficult to attain in this fast pace society. Human beings are primarily driven by their emotions and it is difficult to suspend feelings and emotions which is the demand to sustain a dialogue. Implications of dialogue are great but is difficult to practice. Books Crossman, J. , Bordia, S. & Mills, C. 2011 Business Communication : for the Global Age, McGraw-Hill, North Ryde, N. S. W. Eisenberg,M. , Goodall,H. L. & Trethewey,A. 2010, Organizational communication : balancing creativity and constraint, Boston : Bedford/St. Martin’s Cheney,G. (ed. ) 2011, Organizational Communication in an Age of Globalization : Issues, Reflection ;amp; Practices, 2nd edition, Long Grove, Ill. : Waveland Press Cottrell, S. 011, Critical thinking skills : developing effective analysis and argument, Houndmills, Hampshire, UK : Palgrave Macmillan Ferraro, G. P. ;amp; Briody, E. 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