Forward the Foundation Chapter 22

Part IV Wanda Seldon SELDON, WANDA-†¦ In the melting away long periods of Hari Seldon's life, he became generally joined to (some state subordinate upon) his granddaughter, Wanda. Stranded in her youngsters, Wanda Seldon gave herself to her granddad's Psychohistory Project, filling the opportunity left by Yugo Amaryl†¦ The substance of Wanda Seldon's work remains to a great extent a secret, for it was directed in practically all out confinement. The main people permitted access to Wanda Seldon's exploration were Hari himself and a youngster named Stettin Palver (whose relative Preem would 400 years after the fact add to the resurrection of Trantor, as the planet rose from the remains of the Great Sack [300 F.E.1). Despite the fact that the full degree of Wanda Seldon's commitment to the Foundation is obscure, it was without a doubt of the best magnitude†¦ Reference book Galactica 1 Hari Seldon strolled into the Galactic Library (limping a bit, as he accomplished increasingly more regularly nowadays) and made for the banks of skitters, the little vehicles that slid their way along the relentless hallways of the structure complex. He was held up, be that as it may, by seeing three men situated at one of the galactography niches, with the Galactograph indicating the Galaxy in full three-dimensional portrayal and, obviously, its universes gradually pinwheeling around its center, turning at right edges to that also. From where Seldon stood he could see that the fringe Province of Anacreon was separated in gleaming red. It avoided the edge of the Galaxy and took up an incredible volume, however it was scantily populated with stars. Anacreon was not noteworthy for either riches or culture but rather was wonderful for its good ways from Trantor: ten thousand parsecs away. Seldon following up without much forethought, sat down at a PC comfort close to the three and set up an arbitrary hunt he was certain would take an uncertain period. Some impulse revealed to him that such an extreme enthusiasm for Anacreon must be political in nature-its situation in the Galaxy made it one of the least secure property of the present Imperial system. His eyes stayed on his screen, yet Seldon's ears were open for the conversation close to him. One didn't as a rule hear political conversations in the Library. They were, in purpose of certainty, shouldn't occur. Seldon didn't have the foggiest idea about any of the three men. That was not so much astonishing. There were fans of the Library, many, and Seldon knew the majority of them by sight-and some even to converse with however the Library was available to all residents. No capabilities. Anybody could enter and utilize its offices. (For a restricted timeframe, obviously. Just a chosen few, as Seldon were permitted to â€Å"set up shop† in the Library. Seldon had been conceded the utilization of a bolted private office and complete access to Library assets.) One of the men (Seldon thought of him as Hook Nose, for evident reasons) talked in a low pressing voice. â€Å"Let it go,† he said. â€Å"Let it go. It's costing us a mint to attempt to hang on and, regardless of whether we do, it might be while they're there. They can't remain there always and, when they leave, the circumstance will return to what it was.† Seldon recognized what they were discussing. The news had come over TrantorVision just three days prior that the Imperial government had settled on a demonstration of power to bring the obstreperous Governor of Anacreon into line. Seldon's own psychohistorical examination had given him that it was a pointless methodology, however the administration didn't for the most part listen when its feelings were blended. Seldon grinned marginally and horridly at hearing Hook Nose say what he himself had said-and the youngster said it without the advantage of any information on psychohistory. Snare Nose went on. â€Å"If we disregard Anacreon, what do we lose? It's still there, right where it generally was, directly at the edge of the Empire. It can't get and go to Andromeda, can it? So it despite everything needs to exchange with us and life proceeds. What's the distinction on the off chance that they salute the Emperor or not? You'll always be unable to tell the difference.† The subsequent man, whom Seldon had marked Baldy, for much progressively clear reasons, stated, â€Å"Except this entire business doesn't exist in a vacuum. On the off chance that Anacreon goes, the other fringe areas will go. The Empire will break up.† â€Å"So what?† murmured Hook Nose furiously. â€Å"The Empire can't run itself successfully any longer, at any rate. It's too large. Release the outskirt and deal with itself-on the off chance that it can. The Inner Worlds will be all the more grounded and happier. The outskirt doesn't need to be our own strategically; it will at present be our own economically.† Furthermore, presently the third man (Red Cheeks) stated, â€Å"I wish you were correct, yet that is not the way it will work. In the event that the fringe territories set up their freedom, the main thing each will do will be to attempt to expand its capacity to the detriment of its neighbors. There'll be war and strife and all of the governors will fantasy about turning out to be Emperor finally. It will resemble the past times before the Kingdom of Trantor-a dull age that will keep going for a large number of years.† Baldy stated, â€Å"Surely things won't be that terrible. The Empire may separate, however it will recuperate itself immediately when individuals discover that the separation just methods war and impoverishment. They'll think back on the brilliant days of the unblemished Empire and all will be well once more. We're not brutes, you know. We'll discover a way.† â€Å"Absolutely,† said Hook Nose. €Å"we must recall that the Empire has confronted a great many emergencies in its history and has gotten through time and again.† Be that as it may, Red Cheeks shook his head as he stated, â€Å"This isn't simply one more emergency. This is something much more awful. The Empire has been falling apart for ages. Ten years of the junta pulverized the economy and since the fall of the junta and the ascent of this new Emperor, the Empire has been powerless to the point that the governors on the Periphery don't need to do anything. It will fall of its own weight.† â€Å"And the loyalty to the Emperor-† started Hook Nose. â€Å"What allegiance?† said Red Cheeks. â€Å"We went for a considerable length of time without an Emperor after Cleon was killed and nobody appeared to mind a lot. Also, this new Emperor is only a nonentity. There's no other viable option for him. There's no other option for anyone. This isn't an emergency. This is the end. â€Å" The other two gazed at Red Cheeks, scowling. Baldy stated, â€Å"You truly trust it! You imagine that the Imperial government will simply stay there and let everything happen?† â€Å"Yes! Like both of you, they will have a hard time believing it is going on. That is, until it's too late.† â€Å"What would you need them to do on the off chance that they believed it?† asked Baldy. Red Cheeks gazed into the Galactograph, as though he may discover an answer there. â€Å"I don't have a clue. See, at the appointed time of time I'll bite the dust; things won't be really awful by at that point. A while later, as the circumstance deteriorates, others can stress over it. I'll be no more. Thus will past times worth remembering. Possibly until the end of time. I'm not by any means the only one who thinks this, coincidentally. Ever know about somebody named Hari Seldon?† â€Å"Sure,† said Hook Nose on the double. â€Å"Wasn't he First Minister under Cleon?† â€Å"Yes,† said Red Cheeks. â€Å"He's a type of researcher. I heard him give a discussion a couple of months back. It felt great to know I'm not by any means the only one who accepts the Empire is self-destructing. He said-â€Å" â€Å"And he said everything's going to pot and there will be a perpetual dim age?† Baldy added. â€Å"Well no,† said Red Cheeks. â€Å"He's one of these genuine wary sorts. Wrath says it may occur, however he's off-base. It will happen.† Seldon had heard enough. He limped toward the table where the three men sat and contacted Red Cheeks on the shoulder. â€Å"Sir,† he stated, â€Å"may I address you for a moment?† Alarmed, Red Cheeks gazed upward and afterward he stated, â€Å"Hey, aren't you Professor Seldon?† â€Å"I consistently have been,† said Seldon. He gave the man a reference tile bearing his photo. â€Å"I might want to see you here in my Library office at 4 P.M., day after tomorrow. Would you be able to oversee that?† â€Å"I need to work.† â€Å"Call in debilitated in the event that you need to. It's important.† â€Å"Well, I don't know, sir.† â€Å"Do it,† said Seldon. â€Å"If you get into any kind of difficulty over it, I'll fix it. What's more, then, refined men, do you mind in the event that I study the Galaxy reenactment for a second? It's been quite a while since I've taken a gander at one.† They gestured mutely, clearly abashed at being within the sight of a previous First Minister. Individually the men ventured back and permitted Seldon access to the Galactograph controls. Seldon's finger contacted the controls and the red that had separated the Province of Anacreon disappeared. The Galaxy was plain, a sparkling pinwheel of fog lighting up into the circular gleam at the inside, behind which was the Galactic dark gap. Singular stars couldn't be made out, obviously, except if the view were amplified, however then just some part of the Galaxy would be appeared on the screen and Seldon needed to see the entire thing - to get a gander at the Empire that was disappearing. He pushed a contact and a progression of yellow spots showed up on the Galactic picture. They spoke to the tenable planets-twenty-5,000,000 of them. They could be recognized as individual spots in the flimsy mist that spoke to the edges of the Galaxy, however they were increasingly more thickly positioned as one moved in toward the middle. There was a belt of what appeared to be strong yellow (however which would isolate into singular specks under amplification) around the focal gleam. The focal sparkle itself stayed white and plain, obviously. No tenable planets could exist amidst the violent energies of the center. Regardless of the incredible thickness of

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purchase custom Robert E. Lee as a military administrator paper Robert Edward Lee was conceived on the nineteenth day of January 1807 and satisfied the twelfth day of October 1870. He went to class and graduated second in the West Point class of 1829. He was prepared as a battle designer and used to create ports and harbors and performed very well in his underlying assignments. Lee encountered his first battle during the episode of the war with Mexico and where he had the option to separate himself enduring an onslaught. Lee chose to leave the U.S Army at the period of 54years (1861) and was selected as the officer of the province of Virginias powers (Paterson, 1987). He is most popular for directing the Confederate which he renamed as the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War. He showed his exceptional endowments be the capacity to perceive his enemys shortcomings and aims and reasonable choices in control of his powers Lee denoted his underlying accomplishment by turning around George McClellan and his numerically Superior Union armed force when they undermined Richmond (Maslowski, 1987). He emphatically accepted that the alliance could just keep up its self-rule by assaulting and crushing the Union armed force legitimately. His aptitudes in strongholds created protective achievement in 1863 at Fredericksburg and with his splendid counterattack he had the option to rise the winner in a progression of his fights. Dregs achievement was set apart by a progression of occasions where he was utilized as a specialist at Baltimore and Washington. He was later delegated director of West Point during which period he did numerous significant changes in the foundation before his arrangement as lieut in 1855. Dregs achievement didn't end and kept on being elevated because of the positive consequences of his duties and was later made colonel of the first U.SS Calvary. Lee was elevated up to the position of brigadier-general (the most noteworthy position) in the military. It tends to be said that Lee was effective to the degree of guaranteeing that subjection was canceled by taking part in wars for the enthusiasm of the South. From his accomplishments he merits the honors stood to him by ages of students of history and won a high spot among the antiquarians. Lee got back in the fall of 1865 and expected the administration of Washington College (as of now Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia. Sadly Lee met his passing while in this University (October 12, 1870) after a genuine battle with a coronary illness. His polished methodology, nobility and military aptitudes earned him the title military saint in the U.S and left an inheritance that makes him an image of Southern pride. More or less Lee can be portrayed as a magnetic, splendid and a friendly person. Purchase custom Robert E. Lee as a military leader exposition

Peyote Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help

Peyote Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print What to Know About Peyote Use By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 01, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 14, 2020 kedsirin jaidee / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Does Peyote Do? Common Side Effects Signs of Use Myths & Common Questions Tolerance & Withdrawal How to Get Help View All Back To Top Peyote (Lophophora williamsii or Lophophora diffusa) is a small, spineless cactus that is found in the southwest United States, northern Mexico and Peru. The plant has been used for about six thousand years by native tribes for religious and healing purposes. Peyotes principal active ingredient is mescaline, a psychedelic  compound that can also be man-made through chemical synthesis.?? The peyote buttons, protrusions found on the tops of the cactus plants, are usually dried and then chewed or soaked to be made into a liquid such as tea for consumption. They can also be ground into a powder and used in capsules or smoked with tobacco or cannabis.?? As a Schedule I substance, peyote is considered an illegal and addictive drug in the United States. However, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) Amendments of 1994 gives Native Americans the legal right to use peyote for their religious services.?? This exemption has been an ongoing and contentious issue for many years, although case law has determined that even members of the Native American Church who do not have Native American ancestry can legally use peyote in this context. Also Known As:  Peyote is also known as  buttons, cactus, mesc, peyoto, blue cap, broken, bad seed, britton, hikori, hikuli, half moon, hyatari, P, nubs, seni, and tops Drug Class: Peyote is classified as a hallucinogen. Common Side Effects: Peyote is known to cause nausea and vomiting, increased body temperature, hallucinations, altered perceptions of space and time, impaired motor coordination, euphoria, and anxiety.?? How to Recognize Peyote Peyote buttons (the “crown” or top of the peyote cactus) look like disc-shaped buttons. They can be fresh or dried and users can chew them or soak them in water to make an intoxicating liquid. Since peyote has a bitter taste, it is also ground into an off-white powder that is placed inside a capsule to be swallowed or sprinkled into a cigarette or marijuana joint to be smoked. What Does Peyote Do? Peyote is a hallucinogen, meaning it can cause profound distortions in a persons perceptions of reality (known as hallucinations), including seeing, hearing, and feeling things that seem real but are not. Hallucinogens are thought to affect neural circuits in the brain involving the neurotransmitter serotonin, which plays a role in mood, sensory perception, sleep, hunger, body temperature, sexual behavior, and muscle control.?? The effects of peyote, which can range from a deeply mystical transcendental state to a “bad trip” and dysphoric symptoms, depending on the potency and amount ingested, as well as the user’s expectations, mood, surroundings, and mental health history. Many describe the high as dream-like.?? The effects are often intensified when the drug is combined with substances like alcohol or stimulants, which can be potentially harmful to a persons mental health.?? As soon as 30 minutes after ingesting peyote, people can begin to experience its effects as well as physical discomfort (including nausea, sweating, and chills) that can last up to two hours before reaching a peak. The hallucinogenic effects typically peak around two hours after ingestion, and gradually decline over the next eight to 12 hours.?? Some users compare these peaks to LSD trips in that they profoundly alter perceptions of self and reality and can intensify emotions. The effects are also similar to other hallucinogens like psilocybin (the hallucinogen in magic mushrooms) and PCP.?? What the Experts Say According to a 2014 study on the prevalence of peyote use in Native Americans, there was a fairly large surge in the number of Native Americans who used peyote for roughly four years after the AIRFA passed.?? Researchers believe the increase in use was likely due to more people admitting to using peyote once it was legal. Since that time, the number leveled to just under 10%. Peyote use in the rest of the U.S. population is between 1% to 2%, although most data sources that quantify drug use exclude peyote, so it is hard to gauge the full scope of the use.   Though peyote can certainly cause negative effects such as those mentioned above, the research that has been done indicates that ingesting peyote doesnt appear to be life-threatening and most adverse effects go away in time.?? The mescaline in peyote, however, is known to be potentially harmful to developing fetuses, so if youre pregnant or think youre pregnant, you should not use peyote.?? Off-Label or Recently Approved Uses Peyote has been used by Native Americans for thousands of years in religious ceremonies and for the treatment of various physical ailments. The use of peyote is illegal in the United States and classified as a Schedule 1 controlled drug, although there remains an exception for members of the Native American Church who, when assisted by a a healer or roadman (similar to a priest or minister) use the drug to facilitate communication with the Great Spirit, also called the Creator. Peyote and other hallucinogens have also been studied as a possible treatment for a variety of mental health conditions including schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dementia, which are all associated with perceptual distortions.?? Common Side Effects The amount of mescaline needed to produce hallucinations is very smallâ€"usually 0.3 to 0.5 grams. The effects can last up to 12 hours, but this depends on your size, metabolism, and how much you ingest. The physical effects of peyote tend to be similar to those of LSD and include:?? Increased body temperatureIncreased heart rateUncoordinated movementsWeaknessProfound sweatingSevere nausea and vomitingIncreased blood pressureNumbnessAppetite lossFlushingDifficulty sleeping Mental effects that can occur include:?? HallucinationsAnxietyEuphoriaAltered sense of time (i.e., it passes slowly or quickly)Altered awarenessInability to focus or concentratePanicParanoiaA sense of relaxationAltered feelings and perceptions According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, there isnt much known about the long-term effects of the majority of hallucinogens, including peyote.?? However, it is known that repeated or long-term use of hallucinogens can cause the following effects: Prolonged psychosis: Though this condition is rare, symptoms include visual disturbances and scattered thinking, as well as periods of paranoia or mood disturbances.??Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD): Rarelyâ€"about 4% of people who use hallucinogensâ€"will use of peyote and other hallucinogens such as LSD contribute to the development of HPPD, which is when you develop flashbacks of hallucinations and visual disturbances that dont go away and may even begin to interfere with your daily tasks of living.?? These symptoms can be mistaken for neurological disorders such as a stroke or a brain tumor. Though both persistent psychosis and HPPD are rare among people who use peyote, they can occur without warning and have been reported even after a single exposure to peyote. Generally, these symptoms occur in people with a history of psychiatric problems. Signs of Use According to the Partnership for Drug-Free Kids, if a loved one is using peyote, there will be some telltale signs, including:?? Flushed skinLoss of appetiteDry mouthSleep problemsUncoordinated movementsExcessive sweatingPanicParanoiaSensory confusion (such as “seeing” sounds or “hearing” colors)Disordered thinking or detachment from reality When to Seek Help If you feel physically ill or mentally out of control, call 911 or ask a trusted friend (preferably someone who is not intoxicated) to go with you to the nearest emergency room. The ER staff is not looking to get you in trouble but to keep you safe and help you get the best treatment for your current state. Myths Common Questions Peyote is often considered a relatively safe drug due to its presence in nature and long history of use in religious ceremonies, but peyote use is not without its negative effects. There is also often confusion about peyotes legal status under the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which ensured that native people can exercise their traditional  religious ceremonies, including those that incorporate peyote use. While legitimate religious use is permitted under the law, the recreational use of peyote is illegal in the United States. It is legal to grow peyote in Texas, however, so long as licensed peyote distributors are registered with the federal Drug Enforcement Agency.?? Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal Like other psychedelics, peyote is not necessarily addictive when used sparingly, and in some cases, can be used to treat addiction and substance abuse. However, peyote users are more susceptible to building a high tolerance, requiring the use of more and more peyote to achieve the same effects. Peyote tolerance can build quickly with regular use and in as few as three to six days.?? How Long Does Peyote Stay in Your System? Peyote can be detected in the human body for as few as two days and for up to three months.  The length of time that peyote stays in your system depends on individual factors, such as your  metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, physical activity, and health conditions. Due to all of these factors, there isnt a definite period of time that peyote can remain in your body. However, there is an estimated range of times during which peyote can be found with certain tests, including:?? Urine: 2 to 3 daysBlood: Up to 24 hoursSaliva: 1 to 10 daysHair follicle: Up to 90 days Screening for peyote use isnt included in routine drug tests, so mescaline must be tested for specifically. Addiction Peyote does not appear to be addictive, but further research is needed to determine if addiction is possible. Some general signs of addiction you may want to watch out for: Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from the tripUsing peyote, despite any consequences or negative effectsTaking higher doses than necessary for a greater highTolerance, or needing more of the drug to get the effects experienced the first time Withdrawal While more research is needed to determine the specific withdrawal symptoms linked to peyote, the drug has been known to cause psychological symptoms of withdrawal, such as depression or dysphoria.?? How to Get Help If you or someone you love is showing signs of peyote misuse, or any other type of illicit substance, its important to know that help is available. While theres no specific treatment for peyote addiction, there are evidence-based addiction treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), support groups, life skills training, and relapse prevention that may be a good fit.

Pure Monopoly Essay

Introduction: In the world of economics, there are aspects of the state of market that exist which somehow brings favourable or unfavourable grounds for trade. The different types of market structures that do exist might influence the way of operation of a market economy e.g. the degree of concentration of sellers in an industry, the degree of product differentiation, and the ease or difficulty with which new sellers can enter the industry, are some of the factors that make me disagree with the aspect of the existence of a monopolized or pure monopoly in consideration of the current market economies. Definition of pure monopoly A market in which one company has control over the entire market for a product, usually because of a barrier to entry such as a technology only available to that company in that there is no substitute a part from the existing business. To clarify on the aspect of lack of the existence of a pure monopoly I will look at some of the market structures which ideologically somehow prove the inexistence of a pure monopoly. Degree of concentration of sellers in an industry: Refers to the number of sellers in an industry together with their comparative shares of industry sales.   When there are a large number of sellers and the number of shares in the market is minimal that in real practice one seller won’t be able to make any impact in the market or try to output any existing competitor. This will bring in another concept of ‘oligopoly’, market situation in which each of a few producers affects but does not control the market. This will somehow dictate how the rivalry among sellers is managed. Product differentiation and promotion This is mostly determined by the consumers of these products in the market, whereby some consumers prefer certain products over others. The degree of product differentiation as registered in the strength of buyer preferences ranges from slight to fairly large. The greatest part being infrequently purchased consumer goods, ‘prestige goods’ i.e. gifts. Duplicity of aims The varying market performance makes the individual sellers to intrinsically have two conflicting aims. One is to establish a monopolistic level of price on their commodities with an aim of maximizing their profits, and the fundamental antagonism toward rival sellers and wants to maximize his or her own profits even at the expense of others on the other hand. With these two conflicting aims there is likelihood of their rivals reactions being stronger deterrents to independent actions.

Online Learners An Online Learner - 958 Words

As an online learner you are studying without the physical attendance of a classroom. You study at home, work or wherever you like, whenever you like, without a set time. You set your own schedule and study at your own pace. As a previous online learner almost a year ago studying a diploma, I have some insight to what it is like to be exposed to that kind of environment as I have studied before, it takes motivation and the eager determination to learn. If you prefer to study at your own pace where ever it may be or you want to balance home, work and study life then studying as an online learner is for you. What is like to be an online learner? As an online learner, aiming to be a professional in the field of teaching I have learned the skills and attributes I need in order to be successful is being motivated to complete assessments and weekly activities. I find with myself the most important attribute to bring to studying online is staying motivated and being an active online learner, you need to be organized with note taking and being aware of general dates. Computer skills are also an essential in order to make your way around the student tool box such as black board. Critical thinking and always asking questions I consider are important for you want to be able to question what you don’t understand and lastly time management skills, I believe is essential to molding with your schedule as opposed to having to attend to a lecture at a specific time. Studying as anShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics of the Online Learner800 Words   |  4 PagesCharacteristics of the Online Learner Learners (specifically adult) engage in learning or training for various reasons, i.e., learning new skills to, add value to their qualifications, mandated by their employers, optimize spare time etc. However, learners face the challenge of remaining motivated if they do not feel the training is relevant or practical. To develop effective training when preparing a training plan/instructional material, trainers/instructional designers must be conscious of notRead MoreCharacteristics of a Successful Online Learner852 Words   |  4 PagesSuccessful Online Learner Furthering our education is proving to be more and more on demand, ever since the crash of the economy and a rising number of job losses in the United States. 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Onuoha College 100 American Public University Jennifer Staley Online Learning and the Adult Learner Knowledge is power, therefore it is always a good thing for adults to be involved in continued education. The level does not really matter, be it in pursuant of certificate, bachelor or doctorate degree, but the ability to be involved in the process and going through the rigors of such endeavorRead MoreOnline Learning and the Adult Learner Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesbe a growing gap between the knowledge necessary to succeed in life, and the things learned and available yesteryear. Today more than ever, adult learners require solutions to meet the demands of their crazy schedules, as well as their need for further knowledge. According to the American Council on Education, adult learners are defined as learners over the age of 25, and for the last two decades encompass approximately 40 percent of college attending students. 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The Criminal Justice Process Free Essays

The Criminal Justice Process Free Essays Abstract This paper describes all the steps taken during the criminal justice process. It explains how important it is to follow due process according to the bill of rights. During this process suspects are put through a series of steps, some within hours of an arrest and some may take days, weeks, and or months. We will write a custom essay sample on The Criminal Justice Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now The criminal justice process is numerous steps taken to process a criminal case beginning with an investigation and arrest. An investigation is done by the police and they must gather enough evidence to identify a suspect in order to make an arrest. In most cases, criminals are not arrested on the scene of a crime, they are apprehended later (Schmalleger, 2011). In cases like this, an arrest warrant is issued by a judge if there is enough probable cause to make an arrest. Probable cause is the legal requirement for an arrest connecting a suspect to a particular crime. Arrest is always done with discretion and is a serious step in the criminal justice process. During an arrest defendants are warned of their Miranda Rights prior to questioning. Police feel they are on safe ground by advising suspects of their rights immediately after arrest; however an arrest without questioning does not require a warning (Wiley Publishing, 2000-2010). Following an arrest, suspects are booked. The booking process is an administrative procedure. It includes pictures being taken, fingerprints, and personal information is recorded such as date of birth, address, weight and height. Details of charges are put on the arrest record. Suspects are advised to sign a form with each right stated. The second step in the criminal justice process is pretrial activities, which can take place within hours of the arrest. In this step a suspect will make their appearance before a magistrate where the judicial officer will tell them of the charges against them and once again is advised of their rights and may be offered bail. If a suspect post a bond on first appearance they may not flee, otherwise the cash deposit or property bond will be ordered to forfeit the posted cash or property (Schmalleger, 2011). Suspects who have serious crimes and are not afforded bail are taken to jail to wait for the next step which is a preliminary hearing. During the first appearance, defendants who can’t afford a lawyer will be appointed one. During the third step, preliminary hearing is a process where enough sufficient evidence must be established and exist against the suspect to continue in the criminal justice process. The defense has a chance to analyze the strength of the prosecution case and may request a plea bargain. This is also where the prosecution has a chance to build a case against the suspect and presents any evidence and may offer a plea bargain. The fourth step in the criminal justice process is indictment by grand jury. This is when the prosecutor has enough probable cause to prosecute a capital offense. During indictment, a defendant or a defendant lawyer does not have a right to be present at grand jury proceedings. Another option a prosecutor may take is filling a charge document called information. This is to determine if there is enough evidence to warrant a trial. A defendant and attorney can be present at the information hearing to dispute the charges (Wiley Publishing, 2000-2010). Step five in the criminal justice process is arraignment by a judge. This is when a defendant enters a plea of guilty, not guilty or no contest (nolo contendere). An arraignment is conducted in open court and the indictment or information on the charge is read to the defendant. Step six, adjudication. This step points out that every criminal has a right to trial by jury. If there is doubt based on reason the accused is entitled to be acquitted. The standard of evidence for a criminal conviction is guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. In most jurisdictions, criminal cases never come to trial (Schmalleger, 2011). Some states allow trials for less serious offenses before a judge, called a bench trial. In other cases, a jury is said to be deadlocked, and a judge will declare a mistrial. Step seven is sentencing by a judge. If the accused is found guilty, a judge will impose a form of punishment. Possible sentences include a fine, probations, a period of incarceration in jail or prison or some have a combination of supervision of the community and incarceration. Criminals found guilty, of one or more charges are ordered to serve one sentence after another is completed called a consecutive sentence. Or there sentence may run at the same time, called concurrent sentence (Schmalleger, 2011). In many cases convictions are appealed and filed by attorneys in appellate court and then ruled on appellate judges. If the appellate reverses a case, the case returns to trial court for retrial. The appeal process can be very complex and can involve both federal and state judiciaries. Even if a prosecutor drops the charges, the defendant can still be prosecuted later as long as the statue of limitations for the crime the defendant is being accused of committing hasn’t run out. Appeals are based on the defendants claim that rules of procedure were not follow properly at some earlier stage in the criminal justice process. The last but not least process is corrections. Punishment and or rehabilitation processed by local, state or federal correctional authorities. Once an offender has been sentenced, the corrections stage begins. Most inmates do not serve the complete term and are released before their maximum sentence expires (Wiley Publishing, 2000-2010). Inmates are assigned to confinement facilities and treatment programs. Not all offenders end up in prison. Some are ordered to prison and then have their sentences suspended and a probation term imposed. Offenders who have served a portion of their time may be freed on probation or parole. If conditions of probation or parole are not met, it will be revoked and result in more jail time. In conclusion the criminal justice process is to be conducted with fairness and equality, the due process. This process must recognize the individual rights of criminal defendants facing prosecution by state or federal government. Due process is what guarantees the fifth, sixth and fourteenth amendment. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without the due process of law, and each state is bound and required to respect the due process rights of United States citizens who come under their jurisdictions. There are many more suspects and defendants than inmates. Wiley Publishing, 2000-2010) The Criminal Justice Process Chart References Schmalleger, F. (2011) Criminal justice today: An Introductory text for the 21st century (11th ed. ) Upper Saddle River, NY: Pearson Prentice Hall Cliff Notes (2000-2010) The Process of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on October 19, 2010 from http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/The-Process-of-Criminal Justice. topicArticleId-10065,art icleId-9909. html New Jersey Judiciary (2001) The Criminal Justice Process. Retrieved on October 19, 2010 From http://www. judiciary. state. nj. us/criminal/crproc. htm How to cite The Criminal Justice Process, Essays

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